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홍차넷
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티타임
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- 다양한 주제에 대해 자유롭게 글을 작성하는 게시판입니다.
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전체기타일상/생각꿀팁/강좌방송/연예도서/문학영화의료/건강문화/예술경제생활체육과학/기술철학/종교정치요리/음식역사여행육아/가정IT/컴퓨터음악창작게임스포츠사회오프모임
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| Date |
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| Name | 다시갑시다 |
| Subject | 과학적 연구의 동기부여는 시대를 어떻게 대변하는가? |
|
요즘 좀 말이 많기는 하다만, 대기중의 이산화탄소 함유량이 큰 문제라는 것은 현대에는 꽤 널리 퍼진 상식입니다. 그렇기에 이 이산화탄소를 효율적으로 대기에서 빼내어서 저장하거나 사용하는 기술에 대한 관심도가 상당히 높죠. 이산화탄소의 변형은 과학적으로도 아주 흥미로운 문제입니다. 이산화탄소는 안정적인 기체거든요. 현재 상태에 굉장히 만족하기 때문에, 에너지(=돈)을 많이 쓰지 않으면 다른 형태로 변형시키기가 어렵습니다. 과학자들의 흥미를 달구기에 아주 적당한 문제죠. 이산화탄소를 변형 시키는데에는 여러가지 방법이 사용될수있습니다만, 제 전문분야가 전기화학이니 전기화학적 접근법만 고려해보도록 하겠습니다. 이산화탄소의 전기화학적 변형에 관한 제가 찾은 첫번째 논문은 오레곤 대학의 Truman Teeter과 Pierre Van Rysselberghe가 Journal of Chemical Physics에 기재한 논문입니다. 제목은: 첫번째 문단과 두번째 문단을 살펴보겠습니다: Several years ago one of us described a polarographic wave due to CO2 dissolved in aqueous solutions of... However, several authors have presented arguments ... on the basis of the a priori assumptions that CO2 would not be electrochemically reducible. In order to settle the matter, the problem of reduction of CO2 on mercury cathodes was... 간단히 정리를하자면 [몇년전에 (확인결과 1944, 1946년), 내가 실험을 해봤더니 이산화탄소로 전기가 만들수있다는거 발견함. 근데 몇몇 사람들이 날 믿지 않더라구. 이산화탄소는 전기화학적으로 바꾸기 너무 힘든거라고. 그래서 내가 반박불가 실험함, 자 보셈.] 이산화탄소의 전기화학적 변형의 첫 증명 논문에는 대기중의 이산화탄소, 지구온난화 같은 이야기는 1도 없이 그저 순수히 과학적인 탐구만의 동기입니다. 지금의 기준으로 생각해보면 꽤나 쇼킹할수있지만, 조금만 생각해보면 당연합니다. 지구온난화와 대기중의 이산화탄소의 문제와 인과관계는 70년대는 되서야 과학적으로 확인되기 시작했거든요. 40/50년대에는 고로 이산화탄소의 변형은 그저 흥미로운 과학적 실험이였을뿐입니다. 이산화탄소의 전기화학적 변형은 사실 힘든 실험이기에 (안되는거라 믿었던 이유가 다 이씀요), 꾸준히 연구는 되어왔지만 그렇게 큰관심을 불러 일으키지는 못했습니다. 이제 슬슬 대기중 이산화탄소의 문제가 퍼지기 시작했던 1980년대에도 논문에서 전기화학적 이산화탄소 실험과 지구온난화를 연결시키지 않아요. 1981년 Amatore와 Saveant의 Journal of American Chemistry 논문 (Mechanism and Kinetic Characteristics of the Electrochemical Reduction of of CO2 in Media of Low Proton Availability), 또 1985년 Hori, Kikuchi, Suzuki의 이산화탄소의 변형에 구리가 특별히 적합하다는 최초의 논문 Hori는 그저 이거 다른 여러 금속에서 발견되었는데, 그 실험들에서 고려하지 않은 것들이 있음. 정도로 그저 과학적 동기부여만을 설명하고 Amatore는 그나마 이산화탄소는 싸고 풍부한 탄소원이 될 가능성이 있음, 정도의 이야기만을 합니다. 자 그러면 타임머신을 다시 또 돌려서 2010년대 초반으로 와보겠습니다. 2010년 Devin Whipple과 Paul Kenis가 Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters에 기재한 리뷰 "Significant reductions in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and the development of nonfossil fuel energy sources are critical to minimize the effects of CO2 as a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere and reduce our dependence on imported nonrenewable energy sources, most notably crude oil. Studies by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) show that to stabilize the atmospheric concentration of CO2 at 350−400 ppm and limit the global mean temperature increase to 2.0−2.4 °C, global CO2 emissions in 2050 would have to be reduced by 50−80% of the emission levels in the year 2000." 요약하자면: [님들아 지구 온난화 엄청 심각함, 대기중 이산화탄소 양을 조절해야해. 전기화학으로 이거 할수있다면 꼭 해야함.] 정도가 되겠습니다. 전기화학적으로 보았을때, 이산화탄소의 변형법에 1980년에서 2010년 사이에 어마어마한 발전이 있었던건 아닙니다. 그만큼 쉽지 않은 화학반응이거든요. 하지만 과학자들이 사는 사회가 변하였고, 그에 맞추어 연구의 목적과 중요도도 자연스럽게 변하기 시작한것이죠. 1980년과 2010년 사이, 적어도 과학계에서 대기중 이산화탄소 함유량과 지구온난화/기후변화의 문제는 반박불가의 크디큰 난제가 된것이죠. 실제로 지구의 기후변화는 큰 문제이고, 여기에 집중하는 것은 올바른 방향입니다만 부작용이 전혀 없는 변화는 아닙니다. 현실적으로 전기화학적 이산화탄소 변형은 갈길이 어마어마하게 멀고, 일각에서는 이상적인 시스템이 개발된다해도 근원적으로 이 접근법에는 한계가 분명하기에 대기중 이산화탄소의 함유량을 유의미하게 줄이는데 기여도가 매우매우 낮을것이라는 비판이 동시에 나왔습니다. "이산화탄소를 전기화학적으로 변형 시키면 당연히 대기중 이상화탄소 줄이는건 맞는데, 솔직히 말해서 조건 다 맞춰도 쥐꼬리의 때만큼 바꿀수있으면서 이거 기후변화 문제의 근원적 해결책인것 처럼 광고하는거 너무 양심 없는거 아니냐?"라는 비판이였죠. 예찬론자들에겐 언제나 "기술의 발전이란 언제나 우리의 예측과 상상을 뛰어 넘는다"라는 전가보도의 실드가 있기는 하지만, 아예 무시할수는 없는 비판이기는 합니다. 그런데 이 패러다임이 지난 5년여간 다시한번 바뀝니다. 왜냐구요? 바깥 세상이 또 바뀌었거든요. 그리고 그 중요원인은 연구실 내부보다는 세계 에너지 대전의 영향이 큽니다. https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-solar-batteries-renewable-energy-california-20190605-story.html 2017년 즈음부터 시작해서 자주 볼수있는 기사입니다. 캘리포니아가 태양광/풍력 에너지 발전이 너무 많아서 전기를 사용자들에게 사실상 돈 주고 퍼주고있다는 내용이죠. 캘리포니아와 같이 자연조건이 받춰주고, 공격적인 투자를 시행한곳에서는 태양광 에너지의 가격이 이제 사실상 화석연료 전기와 비빌만하여 양이 점점 늘어나고있는데 저장이 힘들다는 태양광 에너지의 특성상 낭비되는 전력이 점점 늘어나고있는거죠. 태양광 전기의 가격하락에는 여러가지 요인이있습니다 효율성을 늘리는 기술적 발전도 있고, 정부/지자체 단위에서 인프라 구축을 위해 적극적으로 도와주는 것도 있지만 중국을 필두로한 반도체 업체의 치킨게임 때문에 태양광 패널의 가격이 수직하락하고있다는 것 또한 무시할수가 없습니다 이 마지막 요인은 사실상 이걸 연구하는 과학자들이 뭐 영향력을 행사할수있는 부분이 전혀 아니죠. 하지만 어쨋든간에 세상은 변하였고, 이 변화에 반응하여 민감한 과학자들은 다시한번 동기부여를 조금 수정합니다. 이 변화는 사실상 뉘앙스의 변화이고 학계에서도 아직까지 전체적으로 퍼진것은 아닙니다. 그렇기에 논문에 직접적으로 쓰는것은 찾기 힘들지만, 학회장에서 특정 연구자들의 발표를 보면 이산화탄소 변형 연구의 동기부여 부분의 변화가있습니다. 아직도 모두가 가장 먼저 언급하는 것은 지구 온난화, 기후변화, 이산화탄소 함유량 등등의 흔한 레퍼토리입니다. 그런데 간혹 말을 조금 더 더하는 연구자들이 존재합니다. 이 사람들의 주장을 잘 들어보면... "우리는 현재 깨끗한 전기가 절대적으로 부족했던 시대에서, 깨끗한 전기의 공급과다를 신경 써야하는 시대로의 변환점에 서있습니다. 이는 초과공급되는 이 깨끗한 전기의 새로운 활용법과 저장법의 개발이 필요하다는 것을 의미합니다. 그런 의미에서 전기화학적 이산화탄소 변형은 매력적인 후보입니다." 끝에 이렇게 더하는 이 말은, 2000년대 초반에 받았던 비판에 대한 반응입니다. "어차피 별로 효용성도 없는거 전기/에너지(=돈) 낭비하지마!"라는 비판에 대해서 ["아니 우리 이제 전기가 남아돌기 시작하는데, 좀 비효율적이라도 버리지 말고 여기에 쓰면 누이 좋고 매부 좋고 아니겠어? 아직 상용화는 못해도 연구할 가치는 충분하자나"]라 답하는거죠. 그리고 이 변화를 모두가 체화하지는 못했어도, 충분한 숫자의 오피니언 리더들이 인지하고있기 때문에 현재 제 전공분야에서 전기화학적 이산화탄소 변형 연구는 다시한번 호황기를 누리고있습니다. 1950년대부터 2020년이 다가오는 현재까지 이산화탄소 변형 기술에 유의미한 발전이 없었던것은 아닙니다. 80년대에 구리의 사용법 발견은 굉장히 중요한 발견이였고, 지난 5년여간 구리의 활용법과 이 기술을 평가할 유의미한 기준이 무엇인가 등 매우 중추적인 연구들이 진행되었으니까요. 하지만 이 연구주제의 발전 과정은 단순히 연구원들과 우리의 과학적 사고 능력의 향상만이 이끌어 온것은 아닙니다. 연구실 바깥에서는 더 크고 강한 자원들은 언제나 움직이고있으며, 그들의 흐름이 연구실을 집어 삼키는 일이 비일비재하다는거죠. 바람직한 선순환이라면 이 흐름을 잘 탄 연구결과들은 또 다시 연구실 바깥의 힘들이 어떤 방향으로 움직여야할지 가이드라인을 제시하는 것일겁니다. 물론 세상의 일이란게 그렇게 단순하게 1차원적인것 같지는 않아 보입니다. 전기화학계에서 이산화탄소 코인에 존버했던 사람들은 지금 전성기를 맞이하고있지만 이 흐름이 언제까지 계속 될지는 아무도 모른다는 것이죠 이번 싸이클에 진짜 유의미한 발전이 이루어져서 이게 다음 50년을 정의할 주류기술이 될수도있고 아니면 다음 싸이클이 올때 더 큰 도움이 되기 위한 점진적 발전의 시기일수도있습니다 비단 과학적 연구에만 적용되는 현상은 아니라고 생각합니다. 우리 같은 개미들은 이 거대한 흐름을 타기는 커녕 떠있을라고 발버둥 치느라 바쁜게 현실이지만 그래도 이 파도가 어느 방향으로 왜 치는지 정도는 알아야 개헤엄 치는데 조금이라도 의욕이 생기더라구요 오늘도 거대한 파도 속에서 발버둥 치는 우리 모두를 위하며 글을 끝맞춥니다, 감사합니다. 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이 게시판에 등록된 다시갑시다님의 최근 게시물
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Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 640
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 644
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 646
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 646
Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/cmt_replace.php on line 3
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 6
Warning: Use of undefined constant file_name - assumed 'file_name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 28
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 65
125723 class="iamcmt" style="display:none;"> Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 66
125723 class='vcm '>
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 70
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 71
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 76
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 117
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 118
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 119
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 120
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 121
125723'> moqq
Warning: Use of undefined constant mod_date - assumed 'mod_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 133
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 142
19/06/18 11:23
125723>삭제 주소복사
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 150
재밌게 읽었습니다.
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
125723>
125723>
