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홍차넷
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티타임
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- 다양한 주제에 대해 자유롭게 글을 작성하는 게시판입니다.
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전체기타일상/생각꿀팁/강좌방송/연예도서/문학영화의료/건강문화/예술경제생활체육과학/기술철학/종교정치요리/음식역사여행육아/가정IT/컴퓨터음악창작게임스포츠사회오프모임
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| Date |
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| Name | 모모스 |
| Subject | 아르마딜로와 한센병 |
|
한센병 (나병, 성경에도 나오는 문둥병) 은 Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) 라는 박테리아에 의해서 발생합니다. 결핵 (우리 나라 사람들이 많이 걸리는) 은 Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) 라는 박테리아에 의해서 발생합니다. Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae)  Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis)  다른 150 종의 Mycobacterium 과 달리 M. leprae과 M. tuberculosis 은 인간만 숙주로 해서 살아가고 매우 느리게 분열하여 증식하는 박테리아입니다. (M. leprae는 무려 12~14 일, M. tuberculosis 15 ~ 20 시간, 보통 다른 Mycobacterium 수분 만에 한 번씩 분열하여 자신을 복제합니다. 따라서 한센병과 결핵은 원인 균들이 이런 느리게 분열하는 특징 때문에 항생제 투여시 꾸준하게 오랫동안 투여해야만 효과가 있습니다.) 또 M. tuberculosis 포함해 다른 Mycobacterium은 인공 배지에서 잘 자라는데 M. leprae 만은 엄청 특이하게도 인공 배지에서는 자라지도 않습니다. M. leprae은 엄청 까다로운 놈이라 실험실 환경인 인공 배지에서는 자라지 않아서 연구하기가 매우 힘듭니다. ( 오직 인간의 몸 속과 아르마딜로, 그리고 일부 쥐의 발바닥에서 배양할 수 있습니다.) 1 - Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) - 1회 복제시간 12~14 일, DNA 염기쌍 3,268,203 개, Genes 1664 개, Pseudogenes 1116개 2 - Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) - 1회 복제시간 15~20 시간, DNA 염기쌍 4,441,529 개, Genes 3974 개, Pseudogenes 17개  다른 Mycobacterium과 DNA염기 갯수를 비교해보면 M. leprae (3.3 Mb), M. tuberculosis (4.4 Mb), M. ulcerans (5.6 Mb), M. marinum (6.6 Mb), M. avium (5.5 Mb) 로 M. leprae와 M. tuberculosis는 DNA 염기 갯수가 작은 편입니다.  특히 M. leprae는 절대 DNA 염기 갯수도 적지만 전체 DNA 염기 중 50% 정도가 유전자로 발현하지 않은 pseudogenes과 Noncoding DNA로 이루어져 있습니다. (유전자 gene 갯수로는 무려 67%가 발현되지 않는 유전자) 이는 박테리아 계에서는 일반적이지 않고 Mycobacterium에서도 일반적이지 않은 매우 특별하고 특이한 경우입니다. 이 특별하고 특이한 M. leprae 의 조상은 수백만 년 전 인류의 조상들 (hominid, 심지어 ape까지 거슬러 올라가) 로부터 기원한 것으로 여겨집니다. M. leprae 은 아주 오랜 시간 동안 hominid에만 진화 적응된 균으로 다른 Mycobacterium과 달리 많은 유전자를 잃었고 또 잃어가고 있습니다. M. leprae는 특이하게 인간의 Macrophage와 Schwann cell (신경조세포) 에 살아가는 박테리아로 오랜 시간 동안 인간의 면역 시스템에 적응한 결과 절대적으로 필요한 유전자 외에 항원이 될만한 많은 유전자를 버렸고 비교적 오래 사는 인간에 적응한 결과 자신들도 천천히 증식하는 전략을 써오고 있습니다. 아무튼 이런 특징으로 다른 Mycobacterium 과 달리 까다롭게 실험실의 인공 배지에 쉽게 자라지 않고 오직 인간의 몸에서만 살아가는 박테리아가 되었습니다. M. leprae는 아주 느리게 분열하는 만큼 돌연변이도 잘 발생하지 않는 안정적인 박테리아로서 현재 전세계에 널리 퍼진 M. leprae 종 (strain) 은 10만 년 전에 인간에 정착한 종으로 DNA 를 분석한 결과 지난 10만 년간 단지 400개 미만 (전체 염기 3,268,203 개 중 400 개, 0.005%) 의 염기 다양성을 나타나고 있습니다. 박테리아치곤 매우 안정적이란 뜻입니다. 또 많은 유전자를 버리고 크기도 줄여서 다른 Mycobacterium 보다 매우 작은 박테리아입니다. 숨고 눈에 띄지 않는 (필요없는 유전자를 버리고, 크기도 줄이고, 증식도 잘 하지 않는) 전략을 사용하는 박테리아입니다. 실은 한센병 (나병) 을 일으키는 균은 M. leprae 말고 근래에 새로 한 가지가 더 발견되었습니다. 2008년 발견된 Mycobacterium lepromatosis (M. lepromatosis) 입니다. 나병을 일으키는 M. leprae, M. lepromatosis 와 결핵을 일으키는 M. tuberculosis 그리고 기타 Mycobacterium DNA 분석을 통해 근연관계를 알아보면  1,000만 년 전 M. lepromatosis와 M. leprae 분화되었고 어떤 사연인지 알 수 없지만 (대체로 2가지 가설이 존재합니다.) 현재 둘 다 인간 종에 적응하여 둘 다 나병을 일으킵니다. 6,600만 년 전 M. lepromatosis와 M. leprae 공통 조상과 M. tuberculosis의 조상은 분화되었습니다. 이리 보면 M. leprae 과 M. tuberculosis 아주 먼 친척이네요. 그럼에도 M. tuberculosis도 인간 종에 적응하여 결핵을 일으킵니다. 아마 M. tuberculosis도 인간 종에 적응을 더 오래 한다면 인간의 면역 시스템을 더 효율적으로 회피하기 위해 M. leprae 처럼 많은 유전자를 버리는 전략과 더욱 더 느리게 분열 복제하는 전략을 쓸지도 모르겠네요. 그 때까지 인간 종이 생존해 있다면요. 실은 M. leprae 와 M. tuberculosis 둘 다 이 박테리아에 감염되었다고 나병이나 결핵이 발병하는 것은 아닙니다. 증상을 나타내지 않은 보균자는 훨씬 많아서 인간과 오래 같이 함께 하고 있습니다. 지난 번 "억울한 인플루엔자와 타미플루 " 에서 소개한 헤모필루스 인플루엔자 (Haemophilus influenzae) 처럼 평소에는 무해하다가도 특정한 조건이나 상황이 되면, 예를 들면 나이가 들거나 병이 들어 면역체계가 약화되다면 (AIDS 환자 포함) 박테리아가 증식하며 발병시키기도 합니다. 이런 세균들은 일종의 기회를 엿보고 있는 것이죠. 천연두 (Small Pox) 와 나병 (Leprosy) 의 전파경로  이전에 한센병 (나병) 은 인도에서 기원한 것으로 알려져 있으나 나병의 원인균인 M. lepromatosis와 M. leprae의 DNA분석을 통해 위와 같이 아프리카에서 기원함을 알 수 있습니다. 위에서 언급한 것과 같이 M. lepromatosis와 M. leprae는 아프리카에 오랫 동안 존재해 온 인간의 조상 종들에 기생해 왔던 박테리아들의 후손입니다. 아르마딜로 (Armadillo)   아르마딜로 (Armadillo) 는 미국 남부 와 남아메리카에 사는 동물입니다. 특히 미국 남부에 사는 아르마딜로에서 인간에게만 특이적으로 적응한 것으로 알려진 M. leprae 이 살아갈 수 있습니다. 놀라운 일이죠. 하지만 아르마딜로의 M. leprae의 DNA를 조사한 결과 단지 수백년 전에 M. leprae가 인간에게서 아르마딜로로 넘어갔음을 알 수 있었습니다. 나병은 수천년 아니 수만년 전부터 구세계 (유라시아, 아프리카대륙)에서는 존재했지만 신세계인 아메리카에는 유럽인들이 이 나병을 가져오기 전까지는 존재하지 않았던 것으로 여겨집니다. 유럽인들보다 먼저 아메리카에 도달한 시베리아에서 기원한 인류는 베링 해협을 건너오면서 수많은 질병을 잃어버리고 왔는데 (이런 이유로 온갖 질병을 가지고 온 유럽인들의 아메리카 진출로 아메리카 원주민들은 천연두, 소아마비, 결핵 등의 유행성 질병에 인구가 급격히 감소했다고 이전에 소개해드렸죠.) 그 때 나병균도 잃어버리고 아메리카로 진출한 것으로 여겨지며 적어도 현재 아메리카에 남아있는 나병균과 아르마딜로의 나병균은 콜롬부스 이후로 아메리카로 진출한 유럽인들이 가져온 M. leprae 로부터 기인한 것입니다. 이런 면에서 당시 유럽인들의 수많은 생화학 공격 중에 나병도 포함되지요. 다만 당시 전염 질환에 죽은 아메리카 원주민들은 나병 같은 너무나도 느리게 증식하는 박테리아로 발생하는 질환보다는 빠르고 치명적인 천연두에 먼저 죽었을 겁니다. 아무튼 M. leprae 까다로운 균이라 인간의 근연종인 침팬지나 다른 원숭이들에게도 잘 옮겨지지 않은데 특이하게도 지난 수백년 전에 인간에게서 아르마딜로로 M. leprae가 전달되어 성공적으로 정착하였습니다. 그 후 아르마딜로끼리도 전염이 되고 심지어 인간과 아르마딜로를 넘나들기도 하고 있습니다. 정리하면 한센병을 일으키는 Mycobacterium leprae 와 결핵을 일으키는 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 는 비교적 오래 살고 안정적인 인간에만 적응한 결과 자가 복제를 느리게 하였고 인간의 면역시스템을 회피하기 위해 많은 유전자를 버리는 전략을 취해오고 있습니다. 특히 Mycobacterium leprae 아주 오래 전부터 인간 종에 적응하여 더욱 더 느린 복제 속도와 과감한 유전자 제거 전략으로 인간 종에 완벽하게 적응하여 인간의 몸속에서만 자라는 균이 되었습니다. 이렇게 인간이라는 특정 종에만 특이하게 적응하여 간소화된 Mycobacterium leprae는 다른 동물 종으로 옮겨가기 힘든데 우연히도 지난 5백년 전 인간을 떠난 일부 Mycobacterium leprae가 "아르마딜로" 라는 새롭게 기생할 호스트 생물을 찾아서 안정적으로 정착했습니다. 결국 Mycobacterium leprae는 인간과 아르마딜로라는 두 종에서 살아가는 박테리아가 되었습니다. 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이 게시판에 등록된 모모스님의 최근 게시물
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57191 class="iamcmt" style="display:none;"> Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 66
57191 class='vcm '>
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 70
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 71
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 76
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 117
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57191'> 하니남편
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Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
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16/10/17 13:32
57191>삭제 주소복사
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그래서 완치가 가능합니까??
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