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홍차넷
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티타임
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- 다양한 주제에 대해 자유롭게 글을 작성하는 게시판입니다.
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전체기타일상/생각꿀팁/강좌방송/연예도서/문학영화의료/건강문화/예술경제생활체육과학/기술철학/종교정치요리/음식역사여행육아/가정IT/컴퓨터음악창작게임스포츠사회오프모임
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| Date |
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| Name | 모모스 |
| Subject | 어린 데니소바인 (Denisovan) 소녀의 치아 2개 |
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지난 글 중에 "미토콘드리아 (Mitochondria) 와 인류의 여정 " 에서 설명을 드린 것과 같이 미토콘드리아 DNA (mtDNA) 가 모계 유전자를 그대로 물려받는다는 특징과 비교적 일정한 시간에 돌연변이가 발생한다는 특징을 근거로 아프리카에서 기원한 인류 (Home Sapiens) 의 다른 대륙으로 진출한 시기와 방향을 추론 할 수 있다고 말씀 드렸습니다. 또 mtDNA는 종 간에 진화적 관계를 밝히는 데도 사용되어 종의 관계와 계통을 분리하는데 중요한 근거가 된다고도 소개해 드렸습니다. 이를 근거로 근래까지 현생인류와 함께 살았던 네안데르탈인 (Home Neandertalensis) 이나 플로레스인 (Homo floresiensis)의 유골로 부터 mtDNA 만 추출 할 수 있다면 현생 인류와 근연 관계나 유전자 교환의 유무를 알아 볼 수 있습니다. 그런데 현생 인류와 mtDNA 를 비교할 근래까지 함께 한 종이 하나 더 있습니다. 데니소바인 (Denisovan)  데니소바인은 8만 년 전부터 3만 년 전 경까지 시베리아, 우랄 알타이 산맥, 동남아시아 지역 등에서 생존 했을 것으로 추정되는 인간 종입니다. 네안데르탈인과 데니소바인 공통 조상은 현생 인류보다 먼저 아프리카를 떠나 하이델베르그인 (Homo heidelbergensis) 으로 추정됩니다. 참고로 플로레스인 (Homo floresiensis) 의 조상은 하이델베르그인보다 더 먼저 아프리카를 떠난 호모 에렉투스 (Homo erectus) 로 여겨집니다. (플로레스섬에서의 왜소화 vs 거대화 ) 꽤 오래 동안 현생 인류, 네안데르탈인, 데니소바인 등이 같은 시대에 살아왔고 특히 mtDNA 비교로부터 현생인류-네안테르탈-데니소바는 서로 유전자를 교류, 즉 이종 교배가 이루어졌음을 알 수 있습니다. (가장 최근까지 생존한 플로레스인 경우 아쉽게도 덥고 습한 인도네시아 플로레스섬의 환경으로 인해 제대로 된 mtDNA를 확보하지 못했고 앞으로 mtDNA가 추출 가능한 새로운 유골이 발견 되길 기대하고 있습니다.)  현생 인류의 mtDNA에 데니소바인의 흔적이 드문데 특이하게도 뉴기니와 호주 원주민에게 남아있습니다. 뉴기니나 호주 원주민들은 비교적 아프리카에서 진출한 초기 인류의 직접적인 후손들로 적어도 5~7만 년 전에 인도 남부와 동남아를 거쳐 이주한 사람들입니다. 이들의 이동 경로 상에 있거나 이주한 곳에 거주했던 데니소바인과 유전자 교환이 이루어진 것으로 여겨집니다. (물론 평화적인 방법은 아니었을 거에요. 인류의 역사는 정복의 역사이니까요) 아프리카인, 인도남부, 뉴기니, 호주 원주민들을 제외한 나머지 현생 인류는 비교적 더 최근에 세계 곳곳을 정복하고 이주한 사람들 (오스트로네시아인들처럼, 오스트로네시아어와 피부색 ) 의 후손입니다.  요약하면 유럽과 아시아인의 공통 조상이 되는 종족에 네안데르탈인의 유전자가 일부 (1.5~2.1%) 혼입 되었고 (네안데르탈인은 무기와 연계기술이 뛰어나 전투력이 높은 현생 인류들에게 정복 당해 흡수되거나 멸망하였고) 뉴기니와 호주원주민에 데니소바인의 유전자가 일부 (3~6%) 혼입 되었음 (역시 인간에게 정복 당해 흡수되거나 멸망하였고) 을 알 수 있습니다. mtDNA는 모계만으로만 유전된다고 말씀드렸죠. 더 구체적이고 직접적으로 표현하면 유럽과 아시아인의 조상 어머니 중 1.5~2.1 % 는 네안데르탈인 어머니이고 뉴기니와 호주원주민 조상 어머니의 3~6 %는 데니소바인 어머니라고 말해도 될 것 같습니다. 일부 현생인류에게 흡수되지 않은 네안데르탈인과 데니소바인들은 더 살기 어려운 척박한 곳으로 쫓겨났고 그나마도 현생 인류의 확장과 식량의 부족으로 3만 년 전 경에 쓸쓸히 멸종하지 않았을까 합니다. 심지어 아직 발견되지 않은 현생 인류보다 먼저 아프리카를 떠나 세계 각지에 적응해 살았던 또다른 인류의 사촌들의 유골들이 발견되기를 기다리면 땅 속에 남아있을 수도 있습니다. (물론 현생 인류와 함께한 시간이 있었다면 역시 현생인류에 의해 멸종되었을 겁니다.) 실은 위에서 언급하지는 않았지만 그 밖에 10만 년 ~2만 년 전 경까지 생존한 것으로 알려진 호모 에렉투스 (Homo erectus) 의 후손으로 여겨지는 호모 에렉투스 솔로엔시스(Homo soloensis) 도 있습니다. 이들도 역시 현생 인류에 의해...  네안데르탈의 유골은 엄청나게 많아 비교할 mtDNA 시료가 많지만 데니소바인의 mtDNA을 가지고 있는 것은 어린 소녀의 치아 2개와 손가락뼈 일부 유골 뿐이었습니다. 특히 3만 년도 더 지났고 다른 곳에서 나온 데니소바인의 유골이 없기 때문에 추가로 더 비교 연구할 수도 없었습니다. 이 단 하나의 시료로부터 온전한 mtDNA 추출 된 것은 대단히 운이 좋았던 케이스라고 할 수 있습니다. 플로레스 섬과 달리 춥고 건조한 지역이라 더 오래된 시료임에도 DNA가 남아 있을 수 있었습니다. DNA의 반감기는 보관 조건에 따라 다르긴 하지만 약 521 년으로 비교적 짧습니다. 그래서 오래된 유골일수록 DNA의 파편화가 더 많이 발생하여 시료 표본이 더 많아야 비교하여 완전한 mtDNA 서열을 알 수 있습니다. 아무리 보관 조건이 좋다고 하더라도 DNA는 680만 년이 지나면 완전히 파괴 되는 것으로 알려져있는데 680만 년보다 그 10 배도 넘는 백악기와 쥬라기 시대 공룡의 DNA가 남아 있기는 현실적으로 불가능하죠. 그래서 DNA 추출로 공룡을 복제한 영화 "쥬라기 공원"의 설정은 적어도 현재로서는 개연성이 많이 부족하다고 볼 수 있습니다. 영화는 영화로.... Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 133 Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 146 Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 161 2 이 게시판에 등록된 모모스님의 최근 게시물
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Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 425
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 429
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_formmail - assumed 'use_formmail' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 605
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 599
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 599
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 600
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 600
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 605
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 605
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 609
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 609
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 614
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 616
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 618
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 618
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 612
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 612
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 620
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 628
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 628
Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 640
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 644
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 646
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 646
Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/cmt_replace.php on line 3
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 6
Warning: Use of undefined constant file_name - assumed 'file_name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 28
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 65
56800 class="iamcmt" style="display:none;"> Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 66
56800 class='vcm '>
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 70
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 71
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 76
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 117
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 118
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 119
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 120
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 121
56800'> Ben사랑
Warning: Use of undefined constant mod_date - assumed 'mod_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 133
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 142
16/10/14 16:11
56800>삭제 주소복사
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 150
모모스님의 지난 글 "미토콘드리아 (Mitochondria) 와 인류의 여정"
http://redtea.kr/pb/pb.php?id=free&no=2738&divpage=1&ss=on&sc=on&keyword=미토콘드리아
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
http://redtea.kr/pb/pb.php?id=free&no=2738&divpage=1&ss=on&sc=on&keyword=미토콘드리아
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
56800>
56800>
