Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 278
홍차넷
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 34
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 45
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 47
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 51
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 237
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 34
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 45
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 47
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 51
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 237
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/zero_header.php on line 269
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/zero_header.php on line 300
Warning: Use of undefined constant title - assumed 'title' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/bbs_title.php on line 16
티타임
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/bbs_title.php on line 21
Warning: Use of undefined constant header - assumed 'header' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/bbs_title.php on line 31
- 다양한 주제에 대해 자유롭게 글을 작성하는 게시판입니다.
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_formmail - assumed 'use_formmail' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 519
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_category - assumed 'use_category' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/include/print_category.php on line 9
전체기타일상/생각꿀팁/강좌방송/연예도서/문학영화의료/건강문화/예술경제생활체육과학/기술철학/종교정치요리/음식역사여행육아/가정IT/컴퓨터음악창작게임스포츠사회오프모임
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/setup.php on line 29
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/setup.php on line 41
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 398
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
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Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
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Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
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Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
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Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
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Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
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Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
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Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 2
Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/memo_replace.php on line 3
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 10
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_category - assumed 'use_category' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 40
| Date |
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 53 16/10/12 13:58:36 Warning: Use of undefined constant mod_date - assumed 'mod_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 56 |
| Name | 모모스 |
| Subject | 가지뿔영양 (Antilocapra americana, Pronghorn) 과 수렴진화 |
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북아메리카 드넓은 평원에 사는 가지뿔영양 (Antilocapra americana, Pronghorn) 은 영양붙이과에 유일한 동물입니다. 영양이랑 닮았는데 영양도 아니고 사슴도 아닙니다. 차라리 기린이나 오가피에 더 가깝다고 하네요.  초기 플라이스토세인 250 만년 전에 출연하여 현재에 이릅니다. 한때 아메리카에는 가지뿔영양과 같은 영양붙이과 동물이 12 종 이나 존재했는데 전부 멸종하고 이 한 종만 남아있습니다. 특히 3종 (Capromeryx, Stockoceros, Tetrameryx) 은 인간이 북아메리카에 이주한 후인 12,000년 전 경 급속하게 멸종되었습니다.  북아메리카 서부에 넓은 초원에서 주로 서식하고 있다고 하네요.  가지뿔 영양은 최대 99 km/h 까지 달릴 수도 있을 거라 예상됩니다. 하지만 동물들의 스피드를 재기가 여간 힘든 게 아닙니다. 동물들도 개체 차가 있을 것이고(우사인볼트 같이 빠른 개체) 단거리를 뛰느냐 장거리를 뛰느냐에 따라 다를 테고 무엇보다 이리저리 방향을 전환하면서 뛰어서 속도를 재기가 힘듭니다. 다른 동물들과 대략 최고 스피드만 비교해보면 1. 아프리카 치타 109.4–120.7 km/h (200m) 아프리카 치타는 200미터를 평균 시속 103 km/h 로 달릴 수 있습니다. 3초 만에 80킬로에 도달하구요. 하지만 200~300m 정도를 달리고 최고 20초 정도만 달리고 쉽니다. 한 번 뛰면 최소 20분 쉬어야 한답니다. 최고의 스프린터지만 지구력은 떨어져요. 2. 스프링복 88 km/h 엄청난 점프와 함께 빠르게 달립니다. 역시 치타처럼 지구력이 떨어진다네요. 3. 톰스가젤, 임펠라 등등 80 km/h 4. 사자 80.5 km/h 최대 속도는 이렇지만 200m 정도만 이렇게 달릴 수 있습니다. 보통은 60 km/h 5. 말 70~76 km/h 6. 경주견 그레이하운드 74 km/h 7. 호랑이 64 km/h 8. 우사인 볼트 47.52 km/h 9. 아프리카 코끼리 40 km/h  가지뿔영양 (Antilocapra americana) 은 최고 속도가 99 km/h 까지 기대되지만 더 중요한 건 지구력입니다. 대략 11 km 즉 11,000 m 를 10분 만에 주파하였고 88.5 km/h 의 속도로 800 m 를 달린 게 측정 되었으며 67 km/h 의 속도로 1,600 m 를, 56 km/h 의 속도로 무려 6,000 m 를 달릴 수 있는 동물입니다. 가지뿔영양은 속도도 빠르고 지구력도 좋은 육상 동물 중에서는 가장 빠른 장거리 선수입니다. (가장 빠른 단거리 선수는 치타. 단거리는 치타가 1위 이고 가지뿔영양도 2위권은 됩니다.) 가지뿔 영양은 스프링복과 달리 높은 점프는 못한다고 하네요. 오로지 달리기로 승부 하는 놈입니다. 가지뿔영양은 강력한 하체근육과 길고 가벼운 다리를 가지고 있고 심장이나 폐가 같은 크기의 다른 포유동물과 달리 더 크며 혈액 중 헤모글로빈이 밀도가 높아 근육에 산소를 공급하는데 더 효율적이라고 합니다. 또 다른 사슴이나 영양과 동물과 달리 눈이 튀어나와 인간처럼 정면을 쌍안시로 볼 수가 있다고 합니다. 그래서 말과 같은 동물과 달리 거리감이 우수하여 높은 속도로 질주 시에 더 안정적이라고 합니다. 현재 북아메리카 평원에 남아 있는 포식자는  코요테, 늑대, 쿠거 등으로 새끼나 병든 개체가 아닌 이상 어른 가지뿔영양을 잡을 수 없습니다. 쫓아 갈 수가 없어요. 하지만 모든 생태계가 그렇지만 분명히 포식자가 존재했을 텐데 도대체 누가 가지뿔영양을 잡아먹었을까요? 근래에 멸종한 포식자들 중심으로 용의자들을 물색해보겠습니다. 용의자 1 - 스밀로돈 (Smilodon)  가지뿔영양과 같은 시대인 역시 250 만년 전에 출연해 1 만년 전 멸종한 것으로 알려져 있습니다. 일명 검치 호랑이 (Saber-toothed tiger, Cat?) 로 알려져 있는데 이름과 달리 표범과에 속한다고 합니다. 몸무게는 최대 400kg까지 나가는 근접전투형 포식자로 메머드도 집단 사냥하였다고 알려져 있는데 빈약한 뒷다리로 인해 달리기 실력은 별로 였다고 하네요. 탈락 용의자 2 - 아메리카 사자 (Panthera Leo Atrox)  34 만년 전에 출연해 1.1 만년 전 멸종한 것으로 알려져 있습니다. 스밀로돈과 비슷하거나 조금 더 컸을 거라고 여겨지며 아프리카 사자가 60 km/h (최대 80 km/h) 속도를 내므로 이와 비슷할 것으로 여겨집니다. 탈락 용의자 3 - 쇼페이스 안경 곰 (Arctodus Simus)  180 만년 전에 출연해 1.1 만년 전 멸종한 것으로 알려져 있습니다.거의 1000kg에 가까운 거구로 사냥보다는 다른 포식자가 잡은 사냥감을 빼앗거나 스캐빈저인 것으로 여겨집니다. 역시 달리기는 ...탈락 용의자 4 - 다이어울프 (Canis Dirus)  180 만년 전에 출연해 1 만년 전 멸종한 것으로 알려져 있습니다. 회색 늑대 (Canis Lupus) 보다 약 25%정도 크고 역시 무리를 지어 사냥을 했을 것으로 여겨집니다. 그래서 자신보다 큰 대형 동물도 잡았을 것으로 여겨지나 덩치가 큰 만큼 회색 늑대보다도 속도가 느려서 역시 확 트인 초원에만 살았던 가지뿔영양을 잡기엔 힘들었을 거에요. 용의자 5 - 아메리카 치타 (Miracinonyx)  맞습니다. 이 친구에요. 260 만년 전에 출연해 1.2 만년 전 멸종한 것으로 알려져 있습니다. 아프리카 치타 (acinonyx jubatus) 와 비교해보면 조금 더 클 걸로 여겨지며 아프리카 치타보다는 조금 느렸을 것을 여겨집니다. 그래도 가지뿔영양을 잡을 만한 속도는 되었을 거에요. 아프리카 치타와 사촌이라고 생각 되어졌을 때 그린 아메리카 치타가 가지뿔영양을 사냥하는 상상도  아프리카 치타 (acinonyx jubatus) : " 제 사촌이 범인이었군요."  아메리카 치타 (Miracinonyx) : "아니야 난 쿠거나 푸마의 사촌이야. 빠른 사냥감을 잡기 위해 진화 된거지. 인간들은 이걸 수렴진화라고 부르더라." 실제 아메리카 치타 (Miracinonyx) 는 아프리카 치타 (acinonyx jubatus) 와 좀 다르게 생겼을 것으로 예상됩니다. 아마도...  하지만 화석엔 이런 몸의 털색깔이나 무늬까지는 안나오니까 진짜 어떻게 생겼을지는 아직도 잘 모릅니다. 실은 용의자...아니 진짜로 가지뿔영양을 멸종 시킬 뻔한 포식자가 하나 더 있습니다. 인간 (Homo Sapiens Sapiens) 이 아메리카로 진출한 후에도 가지뿔영양은 살아남았습니다. 오히려 거의 유일한 천적이었던 아메리카 치타는 멸종하고 그 빠른 속도와 지구력 그리고 뛰어난 시력을 기반으로 인간의 사냥을 피해 최대 4000 만 마리로 늘어날 정도로 번성하였으나 콜롬부스 이후 유럽에서 진출한 또 다른 인간들이 가져온 총에 의해 멸종 위기에 빠집니다. 1900년 초 겨우 1만 마리만 남을 정도로 줄어들었죠. 모든 포식자보다 인간이 제일 강력하고 위험한 사냥꾼입니다. 현재는 보호 정책 덕에 70만 마리 정도로 늘어나 있다고 하네요. 수렴 진화 수렴 진화는 계통적으로 관련이 없는 생물들이 각각의 비슷한 환경에 적응한 결과 유사한 형태로 진화 되는 것을 말합니다. 가지뿔영양를 잡기 위해서 빠르게 달린 아메리카 치타 (Miracinonyx) 와 아시아에서 기원한 것으로 여겨지며 아프리카 평원에서 빠른 초식동물들을 사냥하기 위해 빠르게 달린 아프리카 치타 (acinonyx jubatus) 는 수렴 진화의 예입니다. 저 세분화하면 Convergent Evolution 와 Parallel Evolution로 나눌 수 있는데 치타들의 경우 Parallel Evolution 에 해당합니다. 포유류인 박쥐의 날개와 조류인 새의 날개가 대표적이죠. Convergent Evolution 의 예입니다.  유라시아 대륙의 포유류와 호주의 유대류를 많이 비교하는데 Convergent Evolution 의 전형적인 예입니다.  Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 133 Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 146 Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 161 4 이 게시판에 등록된 모모스님의 최근 게시물
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56382 class="iamcmt" style="display:none;"> Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 66
56382 class='vcm '>
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56382'> Ben사랑
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16/10/12 15:56
56382>삭제 주소복사
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사람이 아마 지구 역사상 지구 생태계에 가장 큰 영향을 준 종이 아닐까요?
수렴진화 이야기는 놀랍네요. 피가 달라도 비슷한 환경에 적응하면 비슷한 모습을 드러낼 수 있다니.
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Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
수렴진화 이야기는 놀랍네요. 피가 달라도 비슷한 환경에 적응하면 비슷한 모습을 드러낼 수 있다니.
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Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
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