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홍차넷
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티타임
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- 다양한 주제에 대해 자유롭게 글을 작성하는 게시판입니다.
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전체기타일상/생각꿀팁/강좌방송/연예도서/문학영화의료/건강문화/예술경제생활체육과학/기술철학/종교정치요리/음식역사여행육아/가정IT/컴퓨터음악창작게임스포츠사회오프모임
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| Date |
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| Name | 모모스 |
| Subject | 판다와 비만 |
  날카로운 이와 발톱을 가진 곰 같이 생긴 판다는 왜 먹기도 어려운 식물인 대나무만 먹고 살까요? 그러면서 덩치도 엄청나게 크구요. 감칠맛 (Umami)  우리의 혀는 단맛, 쓴맛, 신맛, 짠맛 4가지를 느낀다고 배웠는데 실제는 감칠맛 (Umami) 까지 5가지 맛을 느낍니다. (매운맛은 통증)  인간 뿐 아니라 포유류는 기본적으로 이들 5가지 맛을 느낄 수 있으며 혀에는 이들 맛을 감지하는 Receptor들이 존재합니다. 이들 Receptor들 통해서 맛을 구분하여 입으로 들어오는 음식물을 인식하고 각각 음식물에 맞게 위장관 운동이나 소화액 분비를 하는 등의 연쇄적인 반응이 촉진됩니다. 또 5가지 맛을 느끼는 각각의 Receptor 발현 정도에 따라 각각의 맛을 느끼는 욕구도 결정되는데 이로 인해 각 동물들의 선호 음식들이 결정되기도 합니다.  우리가 잘 아는 육식을 선호하는 동물의 예를 들어보면, 우리의 반려견들 (실제는 잡식성이지만) 은 감칠맛 (umami)을 느끼는 Tas1r1/Tas1r3 (T1R1/T1R3) 이 잘 발달해서 이 감칠맛을 엄청나게 좋아합니다. 그래서 반려견들은 식물성 사료보다는 동물성 간식을 훨씬 선호하죠. 대부분 육식동물은 감칠맛 (umami) 을 느끼는 Tas1r1/Tas1r3 이 잘 발달 되어있습니다.  판다가 아주 가끔 사냥을 하기도 해서 육식을 하기도 하지만 먹이의 99% 이상은 대나무 입니다. 판다는 500~2000 만년 전에 출연했고 처음 이들은 곰처럼 육식, 과일, 식물 뿌리 등을 다 먹는 잡식성 동물로 여겨지며 먹이 경쟁이 심해 개체수는 얼마 안되었던 걸로 여겨집니다. 그런데 갑자기 300 만년 전에 식생활이 대나무로 바뀌었고 동시에 개체 수가 급격히 늘어났다고 합니다. 판다는 감칠맛 (umami) 을 느끼게 하는 Tas1r1 Receptor gene의 돌연변이체로 감칠맛을 느끼지 못하는 거나 다른 포유 동물에 비해 매우 덜 느낀다고 알려져 있습니다. 이 때문에 판다와 같은 신체 조건을 가진 다른 동물들 (곰같은) 과 달리 육식에 대한 강한 선호도를 찾아 볼 수 없습니다. 판다는 육식성 잡식 동물의 후손으로 날카로운 이빨과 발톱으로 종종 사냥을 하기도 하고 고기를 소화 할 수 있는 소화액을 분비하는 등 단백질을 소화하기 위한 완벽한 소화 시스템을 가지고 있음에도 불구하고 육식에 대한 맛을 느끼고 자극하는 시스템이 꺼져 있어 육식을 선호하지 않고 평화롭게 대나무만 먹습니다. 심지어 다른 여타의 초식포유동물과 마찬가지로 대나무를 소화시키는 자체 분비되는 효소는 없고 다른 초식동물처럼 장내 미생물의 도움으로 대나무의 거친 섬유질을 발효시키고 이를 양분으로 사용하고 있습니다. 매우 효율이 낮은 시스템이죠. 심지어 다른 일반적인 초식동물과 달리 장의 길이도 매우 짧습니다. 오히려 육식동물의 소화기관과 비슷하게 장의 길이가 매우 짧은 편입니다.  지난 번 글 ( 가축화된 포유류는 어떤게 있나? ) 소개한 거처럼 대나무와 같은 거친 식물은 Cellulose 등의 식이 섬유로 구성되어있는데 말이 식이 섬유이지 사람 같은 포유류 등은 먹어봐야 소화도 못 시키고 흡수도 안됩니다. Cellulose는 탄수화물이긴 하지만 워낙 단단히 결합되어 있어 포유류의 소화액으로는 직접적으로 단당류로 분해하기 힘듭니다. 즉 앞서 언급한 것처럼 섬유질을 분해하는 효소는 판다나 사람이나 초식동물 같은 모든 포유류에는 아예 없어 미생물의 도움을 받아야만 에너지원으로 사용할 수 있습니다. 초식동물은 발달한 강한 어금니로 먹이인 식물을 잘게 부수고 장으로 보내 미생물이 발효해주길 기다립니다. 그래서 보통 장의 길이가 매우 길고 되새김을 하기 위해 여러 개의 위장을 가지고 있기도 합니다. 장내 미생물로 발효해서 단당류로 분해한 후 에너지원으로 사용하는데 초식동물은 이렇게 에너지 효율이 낮고 소화도 잘 안되는 식이섬유를 먹이로 선택했기 때문에 많은 양의 먹이를 먹어야만 그 큰 덩치를 유지할 수 있습니다. 판다는 거기에 더해 그 덩치에 비해 짧은 소화관을 가지고 있습니다. 그럼에도 불구하고 일반 초식동물과 같은 효율을 지닌 걸 보면 섬유질을 발효하는 판다의 장내 미생물군은 엄청나게 효율이 높을 것으로 예상되고 있습니다. 정리하면 아마도 300 만년 경 판다는 사냥감과 먹이 부족으로 다른 육식, 잡식성 동물들과 경쟁이 심해져 도태 위기에 빠졌고 이 경쟁을 피하기 위해 여러 가지 돌연변이와 자연선택이 이루어졌는데 육식을 선호하는 감칠맛을 느끼게 했던 Tas1r1 Receptor 돌연변이체로 인해 육식 선호 현상이 줄어들고 육식,잡식성 동물의 소화관 시스템임에도 효율성 높은 섬유질 분해 및 발효를 하는 미생물군을 얻어 현재의 판다가 탄생한 걸로 요약해 볼 수 있겠네요. 원래 초식동물이 육식동물이 되었고 여러 가지 이유로 다시 육식동물이 초식동물이 되기도 하는데 아마도 판다는 육식동물에서 초식동물로 돌아가는 일종의 과도기 생물 종이 아닐까 추측해봅니다. 판다는 또 에너지 소비를 줄이기 위해 게으름이란 형질도 얻었습니다. 움직임은 최소화하고 대식을 하고 발달한 장내 미생물군에 의해 초식임에도 흡수효율 (BA, Bioavailability) 이 높아 덩치가 산만한 판다가 되었습니다. 인간도 몸에 있는 장내 미생물군에 따라 영향을 받기도 합니다. 그 인종이나 시대, 그리고 나이에 따라 먹는 음식이 달라지는데 장내 미생물군도 이에 따라 변화되기도 합니다. 또 일부 인간들은 Bacteroides Thetaiotaomicron, Zobellia Galactani-vorans 같은 일부 효율성 좋은 장내 미생물군들과 탄수화물 활성효소 (CAZyme)들에 의해 (초식동물들 섬유질을 발효 분해하는 수준은 아니지만) 보통 인간이라면 변으로 나올 많은 여러 종류의 다당류 탄수화물들을 분해하여 몸으로 흡수되게 만들어지고 심한 경우엔 비만에 이르게 하기도 합니다. 역시 판다처럼 일부 인간들도 뛰어난 장내미생물의 도움으로 흡수효율 (BA, Bioavailability) 이 높아지고 판다처럼 게으름을 물려 받았다면 판다 (?) 처럼 비만이 되기도 하죠. Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 133 Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 146 Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 161 5 이 게시판에 등록된 모모스님의 최근 게시물
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Warning: Use of undefined constant use_comment - assumed 'use_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 540
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 542
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 543
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 545
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 576
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 577
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 577
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 577
Warning: Use of undefined constant grant_delete - assumed 'grant_delete' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 577
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 425
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 429
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_formmail - assumed 'use_formmail' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 605
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 599
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 599
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 600
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 600
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 605
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 605
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 609
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 609
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 614
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 616
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 618
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 618
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 612
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 612
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 620
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 628
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 628
Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 640
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 644
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 646
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 646
Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/cmt_replace.php on line 3
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 6
Warning: Use of undefined constant file_name - assumed 'file_name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 28
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 65
55704 class="iamcmt" style="display:none;"> Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 66
55704 class='vcm '>
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 70
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 71
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 76
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 117
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 118
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 119
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 120
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 121
55704'> SCV
Warning: Use of undefined constant mod_date - assumed 'mod_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 133
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 142
16/10/07 17:19
55704>삭제 주소복사
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 150
그렇습니다. 저는 BA가 높고 성격이 게을러서 먹으면 죄다 살로 가고.. 제 와이프는 BA가 엄청 낮고 성격이 부지런해서 뭘 안먹으면 자동으로 빠지더라고요.
흑흑.
절대로 제가 많이 먹어서 살이 찌는게 아닙니다 ㅠ
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
흑흑.
절대로 제가 많이 먹어서 살이 찌는게 아닙니다 ㅠ
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
55704>
55704>
