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홍차넷
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티타임
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- 다양한 주제에 대해 자유롭게 글을 작성하는 게시판입니다.
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전체기타일상/생각꿀팁/강좌방송/연예도서/문학영화의료/건강문화/예술경제생활체육과학/기술철학/종교정치요리/음식역사여행육아/가정IT/컴퓨터음악창작게임스포츠사회오프모임
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| Date |
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| Name | 모모스 |
| Subject | 스트라디바리우스 (Stradivarius) 와 소빙하기 (Little Ice Age) |
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"Lady Blunt" 라 불리는 1721년 제작된 스트라디바리우스 바이올린은 2011년 1590만 달러에 거래되었고 1719년 제작된 "MacDonald" 라는 이름의 스트라디바리우스 비올라는 4500만 달러를 호가합니다. 인간이 제작한 모든 도구가 마찬가지겠지만 계속 사용될 경우 마모가 되는 소모품들인데 제작된 지 300년이 된 악기들이 지금도 명품이라 불리우고 고가에 거래되며 심지어 연주에 사용되고 있다니 놀라운 일입니다. 다른 분야에서는 이런 예를 찾기도 힘들 거에요.   스트라디바리우스(Stradivarius)  안토니오 스트라디바리 (Antonio Stradivari 1644 ? ~ 1737) 는 17,18세기 사람으로 드물게 90세 이상 장수한 바이올린, 첼로, 비올라 등을 만든 이탈리아 악기 제작 장인입니다. 이탈리아에는 이런 장인들이 많고 그 전통에 기원한 명품 브랜드도 많죠. 당시 클래식음악에 사용되는 악기들은 여러가지 형태의 실험들이 이루어지고 있었는데 현대 바이올린의 표준이 안토니오 스트라디바리에 의해서 만들었다고 하네요. 그가 만든 악기는 스트라디바리우스 (Stradivarius) 라고 불리우고 각 악기마다 이름이 붙을 만큼 사람들에게 사랑을 받는 매우 고가의 명품 악기들입니다. 장수한 만큼 생전에 1100여개나 되는 많은 악기를 만들었는데 현재 바이올린 540개, 비올라 12개, 첼로 50개가 남아있다고 하고 실제 연주되는 현역 바이올린은 50 여기 정도라고 합니다. 고가의 미술품처럼 스트라디바리우스의 희귀성과 대체불가함으로 인해 매력이 많은 투자처로 많은 투자가들의 관심을 받고 또 고가로 거래되고 있습니다. 일부 실용적인 연주가들은 수만 달러짜리 현대기술로 만들어진 바이올린이라면 스트라디바리우스와 비슷한 성능을 나타낸다고 주장합니다. 하지만 고가 오디오기기와 마찬가지로 소리 라는게 소비층의 주관적인 평가가 많아서 확실하게 어떤 악기가 더 좋다고 평가를 내리는 것 자체가 불가능합니다. 과학적인 접근으로 블라인드 테스트를 하면 고가의 오디오와 고가의 악기를 구분할 수 있는 사람은 매우 드뭅니다. 하지만 악기로서 스트라디바리우스는 다양한 스토리가 있고 많은 연주가들에게 사랑 받고 있는 악기입니다. 또 지금도 많은 연주회에서 유명 연주가들에 의해 연주되는 명품 악기이기도 하구요. 연주회의 흥행이나 음반판매에 "스트라디바리우스" 라는 단어는 많은 도움이 됩니다.   그 밖에 아마티와 더 희귀성으로 더 고가인 과르네리 등도 18세기 초기에 제작된 악기들로 역시 명품으로 인정받고 있습니다.  소빙하기 (Little Ice Age)  16~19세기 중남미, 동남아의 화산폭발과 화산재분출로 인한 태양빛의 감소, 태양 흑점 활동 주기변화, 해류의 변화 등으로 의심되는 요인들로 인해 일시적으로 추워진 시기가 있었습니다. 오래 전 수렵채취에서 정착농경사회로 전환된 당시 대부분의 인류는 자연 재해가 발생해도 땅을 버리고 이동하기 힘들어져서 기온의 변화로 인해 흉년이 들어도 버텨야 하므로 많은 아사자들이 발생했습니다. 물론 기온이 내려가면서 중국 남부나 일본처럼 오히려 농경 효율이 높아진 지역도 있습니다. 하지만 우리나라보다 위도가 높은 유럽은 이런 지구환경변화에 쉽게 영향 받는 지역으로 당시 유럽 사람들은 많은 고통을 겪었습니다. 이런 시기를 일부에선 "소빙하기 (Little Ice Age) " 라고 부릅니다. 특히 겨울엔 어찌나 추웠던지 모피에 대한 소요가 급증하여 금값의 4배 (같은 무게는 아니겠죠?) 가 달할 때도 있었다고 합니다. 이런 모피의 수요를 충당하기 위해 당시 미대륙의 동부에만 거주하던 초기 신대륙 이주자들은 미대륙 깊숙한 곳까지 모피를 얻기 위해 탐험을 했고 이에 많은 인디언들과 충돌이 일어났습니다. 레오나르도 디카프리오에게 아카데미 주연상을 안겨 준 "레버넌트: 죽음에서 돌아온 자" 에 잘 나옵니다. 뉴욕도 원래 모피를 유럽으로 수출하기 위해 만들어진 항구입니다. 또 넓은 시베리아에도 많은 서양인들이 모피를 위해 탐험을 했고 원주민인 에벤키족과 마찰을 일으키기도 했습니다. 아무튼 이런 탐험의 결과 미국의 서부로의 확장과 러시아의 시베리아와 알래스카로 진출에 시발점이 되었습니다.  스트라디바리우스는 18세기 알프스, 크로아티아, 보스니아 지역의 단풍나무나 가문비나무를 이용해 만들어진 걸로 알려져 있습니다. 아마티나 과르네르도 마찬가지구요. 당시 앞서 설명한 소빙하기 (Little Ice Age) 의 영향으로 악기가 만들어지기 전 오랫동안 온도가 내려가 있던 상태라서 악기에 사용된 나무들은 요즘의 나무들에 비해 성장이 더디게 자란 나무들이었습니다. 이로 인해 나무질의 밀도가 높아져 당시 악기에 사용된 목재들은 지금 목재들에 비해 훨씬 치밀하고 단단했습니다. 스트라디바리우스를 연구한 많은 과학자들은 스트라디바리우스 특유의 소리는 당시에만 구할 수 있었던 단단하고 치밀한 목재로부터 기인한 것이라는 연구 결과를 발표하였습니다. 지금은 이런 나무를 구할 수 없으니 스트라디바리우스의 소리를 재현하기 힘들다고 하네요. 물론 당시 스트라디바리의 특유의 제작기법과 화산재를 이용한 코팅 기술 등 전수 되지 않은 그들만의 비밀도 한 몫 했겠죠. 아무튼 당시에만 구할 수 있는 재료로 만들어지고 악기의 표준까지 된 스트라디바리우스 바이올린의 소리는 일종의 업계 표준으로 현대엔 완벽하게 재현하기 힘들다는 건 어찌보면 당연하다고도 볼 수 있네요. 그럼에도 스트라디바리우스와 완벽하게 똑같이 재현하기 힘들지만 현대에 컴퓨터와 정밀 기계들로 설계와 제작이 된 수만 달러 이상 하는 어느 수준을 넘어가는 바이올린도 스트라디바리우스에 못지 않게 훌륭한 소리를 내주고 있습니다. 다만 앞서 말한 것과 같이 음악은 소비하는 층의 지극히 주관적인 평가고 감성적인 문제라서 스토리가 있는 스트라디바리우스는 앞으로도 계속 고가의 악기로 남아있을 거고 많은 훌륭한 연주들도 이들로 계속 이루어질 것 같습니다. 모든 스트라디바리우스가 부서지는 날까지 명품으로 남아있겠죠. 아니 부서지는 스트라디바리우스가 있다면 더 희귀성이 높아져 남아있는 악기들은 더욱 가격이 올라갈라나요. Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 133 Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 146 Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 161 0 이 게시판에 등록된 모모스님의 최근 게시물
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Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 185
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_comment - assumed 'use_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 540
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 542
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 543
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 545
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 576
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 577
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 577
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 577
Warning: Use of undefined constant grant_delete - assumed 'grant_delete' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 577
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 429
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_formmail - assumed 'use_formmail' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 605
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 599
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 599
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 600
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 600
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 605
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 605
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 609
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 609
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 614
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 616
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 618
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 618
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 612
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 612
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 620
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 628
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 628
Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 640
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 644
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 646
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 646
Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/cmt_replace.php on line 3
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 6
Warning: Use of undefined constant file_name - assumed 'file_name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 28
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 65
54991 class="iamcmt" style="display:none;"> Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 66
54991 class='vcm '>
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 70
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 71
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 76
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 117
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 118
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 119
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 120
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 121
54991'> Beer Inside
Warning: Use of undefined constant mod_date - assumed 'mod_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 133
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 142
16/09/28 12:50
54991>삭제 주소복사
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 150
21세기가 되면서 나무를 구하는 것이 점점 어려워지는 것 같습니다.
과거에는 책걸상과 문짝들을 모두 통나무로 했는데, 요즘은 톱밥을 뭉친것으로 대신하니까요.
물론 톱밥을 뭉친것이 훨씬 가볍고 튼튼하기는 합니다.
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
과거에는 책걸상과 문짝들을 모두 통나무로 했는데, 요즘은 톱밥을 뭉친것으로 대신하니까요.
물론 톱밥을 뭉친것이 훨씬 가볍고 튼튼하기는 합니다.
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
54991>
54991>
