Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 278
홍차넷
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 34
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 45
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 47
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 51
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 237
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 34
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 45
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 47
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 51
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 237
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/zero_header.php on line 269
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/zero_header.php on line 300
Warning: Use of undefined constant title - assumed 'title' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/bbs_title.php on line 16
티타임
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/bbs_title.php on line 21
Warning: Use of undefined constant header - assumed 'header' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/bbs_title.php on line 31
- 다양한 주제에 대해 자유롭게 글을 작성하는 게시판입니다.
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_formmail - assumed 'use_formmail' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 519
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_category - assumed 'use_category' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/include/print_category.php on line 9
전체기타일상/생각꿀팁/강좌방송/연예도서/문학영화의료/건강문화/예술경제생활체육과학/기술철학/종교정치요리/음식역사여행육아/가정IT/컴퓨터음악창작게임스포츠사회오프모임
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/setup.php on line 29
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/setup.php on line 41
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 398
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
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Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
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Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
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Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
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Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
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Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
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Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 2
Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/memo_replace.php on line 3
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 10
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_category - assumed 'use_category' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 40
| Date |
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 53 16/09/26 15:32:26 Warning: Use of undefined constant mod_date - assumed 'mod_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 56 |
| Name | 모모스 |
| Subject | 뱀독과 고혈압치료제 (ACE inhibitor) |
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매년 10만명 정도가 자연계의 다양한 독 (뱀, 거미, 해파리 등등) 으로 사망한다고 합니다. 자연계에 2000만개의 독소가 있을 것으로 예상되는데 그 중 단지 1만개 정도만 성분이 확인되었습니다. 또 그 중에서도 단지 500개 정도만 연구가 되었구요. ( 지난 번 글인 보톡스, 세상에서 가장 강력한 독 - 황금독화살개구리 참조하세요.) 뱀독 (Snake Venom) 이들 중 많은 독들이 수많은 아미노산 결합체인 단백질로 이루어진 독 (일부는 수십개 미만의 아미노산으로 된 펩타이드를 된 독들도 포함) 들입니다. 그 중 대표적인 뱀독들도 강력한 생리활성을 가지고 있는 다양한 단백질이나 펩타이드들로 이루어진 혼합물들입니다. 수차례 이야기 했지만 단백질은 경구로 투여 된 경우 위산에 의해서 분해가 되기 때문에 약물로서는 효과가 거의 없습니다. (그래서 단백질 약물들은 정맥 투여 등으로 직접 인체에 투여 해야 하는데 투여 방법의 불편함과 약물 자체의 안정성 때문에 일부 성장호르몬을 제외하고 정맥 투여용 단백질 약물은 한계가 많고 시장도 경구투여약에 비해 매우 작은 편입니다. 경구 투여의 편의성과 small molecule의 약물 안정성 때문에 의약품 시장은 거의 대부분 경구 투여약물들이 차지하고 있고 이런 이유로 제약회사들은 가능한 경구투여용 약물을 개발하려고 하고 이에 자본이 집중되고 있습니다.) 따라서 대부분의 뱀독들이 효과를 발휘하려면 뱀독이 상대의 혈관 속으로 직접 주입 되어야 합니다. 그래서 뱀들은 상대의 반격에 자신이 다칠 수도 있는 위험에도 불구하고 직접 독을 주입하려고 독니를 들어내며 물려고 달려듭니다. 뱀독은 크게 살무사과가 가지고 있는 출혈독 (hemotoxins) 과 코브라과가 가지고 있는 신경독 (neurotoxins)으로 나뉘어집니다. 일부는 세포독성 (cytotoxins) 을 나타내는 뱀독을 가진 뱀도 있고 앞서 말한 독들을 동시에 가지고 있는 뱀들도 있습니다. 이들 독들도 앞서 말한 것처럼 여러가지 펩타이드와 단백질 혼합물로 그 대표적인 성분들만 나열해보면 Dehydrogenase lactate, L-amino-acid oxidase, Catalase, Alanine amino transferase, Phospholipase A2, Lysophospholipase, Acetylcholinesterase, Alkaline phosphatase, Acid phosphatase,5'-Nucleotidase, Phosphodiesterase, Deoxyribonuclease, Ribonuclease 1, Adenosine triphosphatase, Amylase, Hyaluronidase, NAD-Nucleotidase, Kininogenase, Kininogenase, Factor-X activator, Heparinase, α-Fibrinogenase, β-Fibrinogenase, Fibrinolytic enzyme, Prothrombin activator, Collagenase, Elastase, Glucosamine ammonium lyase 와 같습니다. 익숙한 효소들도 많을 거에요. 어찌 해석하면 실제 생명체의 신호전달 시스템에 쓰이는 많은 단백질들과 펩타이드들이 단지 용량을 높여 저장하여 독으로 사용되는 것 뿐 입니다. 우리가 가정에서 사용하는 흔한 주방도구가 악인들에 의해 흉기가 되는 것처럼 말이에요. 고혈압 (Hypertension) 고혈압은 다양한 원인에 의해서 발생합니다. 우리가 순간적으로 흥분만 해도 일시적으로 혈압이 상승하기도 하는데 질환으로서 고혈압은 이런 높은 혈압이 장기간 지속되는 것을 말합니다. 높은 혈압이 장기간 계속되면 혈관벽에 무리를 주게 되고 뇌혈관이나 심장혈관 등이 파손되면 출혈이 일어나고 매우 위험한 상황이 발생할 수도 있기 때문에 혈압이 지속적으로 높은 사람들은 반드시 고혈압치료제를 처방 받아 복용해야 합니다.  막연히 고혈압치료제로 사용되는 혈압강하제를 단순하게 한가지 범주로 생각할 수도 있는데 세부적으로 들어가면 매우 다양합니다. 위 그림과 같이 혈압을 상승시키는 원인도 다양하고 또 혈압강하제들도 기전에 따라 다양하게 작용하므로 환자마다 효과가 다르게 나타납니다. 따라서 본인에게 맞는 혈압강하제를 올바르게 선택하고 투여할 필요가 있습니다. 혈압이 높은 것 같다고 아무 혈압약이나 드시면 안되고 (물론 비교적 안전한 1차선택약은 존재합니다.) 다른 사람이 처방받은 혈압약은 드시지 마세요. 혹시라도 고혈압에 관련되어 약물을 드시게 되는 상황이면 자가 진료를 하지 마시고 전문의의 지시에 따라 알맞는 약을 선택해서 드시기 바랍니다.(어차피 전문의약품이니 처방 없이 본인이 직접 선택하고 구입하는 것은 불가능합니다. ) 작용 기전에 따라 다양한 혈압강하제들이 사용되고 있는데 그 중 Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) 에 대해서 알아보겠습니다. 실제로 요즘은 ACEI 보다 ARB (Angiotensin Receptor Blocker, Angiotensin II antagonist), Beta Blocker, Calcium Channel Blocker 등이 더 많이 쓰입니다. ACEI 가 기전 특성상 마른기침 등의 부작용 빈도가 높습니다. ACE inhibitor   Angiotensin 이 생성되면 혈관이 수축하여 혈압이 상승하게 되는데 Angiotensin I 에서 Angiotensin II 가 되는 과정에 작용하는 Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme을 저해하는 약물들이 ACE inhibitor 들입니다. 대표적으로 Captopril (카프릴), Enalapril (바소텍, 에나프릴), Cilazapril (인히베이스), Moexipril (유니바스크), Perindopril (아서틸), Ramipril (라미프린) 등이 있습니다. 첫번째로 개발 된 것이 Captopril 로서 브라질 남부에 서식하는 살무사 계열의 독사인 Bothrops jararaca 의 독으로부터 유래한 약물입니다.  Teprotide는 Bothrops jararaca 의 독에 포함된 다양한 단백질효소와 펩타이드 중 하나로 분자량 1101의 9개 짜리 아미노산으로 이루어진 펩타이드입니다. Teprotide는 Angiotensin I 이 Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme (ACE) 과 결합하는 것을 저해하여 작용을 나타냅니다. 즉 혈압을 떨어뜨려 독으로 작용하던 펩타이드죠.  Captopril 은 Teprotide와 3D 구조적 유사함으로 Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme (ACE) 와 결합하여 inhibitor 작용하여 역시 Angiotensin I 가 Angiotensin II로 변환되는 것을 억제하여 혈압 강하 효과를 나타냅니다. 강력한 생리활성을 나타내는 독과 병을 치료하는 약물과는 용량과 적응증에 대한 차이일 뿐 거의 같은 물질이라고 지난 번 " 커피 이야기 - Caffeine " 말씀드렸죠. 같은 ACE inhibitor로 작용해도 용량과 적응증에 따라 독 (Teprotide) 이 약물 (Captopril) 이 될 수도 있다는 것을 보여줍니다. " 엔돌핀 vs 모르핀" 에서 설명한 것과 같이 외부에서 기인한 smole molecule (Captopril, Morphine) vs 펩타이드 (Teprotide, Endophine) 과 비교하시면 쉽습니다. 펩타이드나 단백질들 (Teprotide, Endophine) 과 3D 구조적으로 유사한 small molecule (Captopril, Morphine) 이 작용하여 생리 활성을 나타내고 이들이 바로 우리가 먹는 수많은 약물들이라고 설명 드린 적이 있습니다. ACE inhibitor인 Captopril 로도 그 예를 들을 수 있겠네요. Captopril 로부터 다른 ACE inhibitors도 개발되었습니다. 브라질 남동부의 일부 지역에서만 서식하는 Bothrops jararaca 라는 독사의 독으로부터 인간에게 유용한 혈압강하제가 개발되었습니다. 이와 같이 세계 각국에 수많은 지역에서는 우리 인간에게 유용하게 쓰일 수도 있는 수많은 물질들이 자연계의 수많은 식물과 동물들 속에 존재하는데 우리는 아직 이런 물질들을 다 찾아내지도 개발해내지도 못했습니다. 그런데 지금 이 시간에도 인간의 난개발로 수많은 동식물들이 멸종해감에 따라 인간에게 유용할 수도 있는 수많은 물질들도 함께 사라져가고 있습니다. 다양한 진화에 산물로 우리에게 축복이 되어줄 수도 있는 수많은 물질들이 인간의 난개발로 수많은 멸종 동식물과 함께 사라져 가고 있는 것입니다. 특히 생물의 다양성이 큰 밀림지대가 급속하게 사라져가는데 이에 따라 아직 발견도 되지 않은 수많은 동식물들이 세상에 알려지도 못하고 멸종하고 있습니다. 이에 많은 과학자들이 우려를 표시하고 있습니다. 몇몇 과학자들은 직접 밀림 속으로 들어가 이런 멸종 위기 동식물을 보호하고자 하고 아직 발견되지 않은 동식물을 찾아 이들 표본을 채취하여 수많은 물질들을 library 로 저장하려는 노력을 하고 있습니다. Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 133 Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 146 Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 161 2 이 게시판에 등록된 모모스님의 최근 게시물
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54886 class="iamcmt" style="display:none;"> Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 66
54886 class='vcm '>
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54886'> April_fool
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16/09/26 16:41
54886>삭제 주소복사
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 150
뱀독에서 고혈압 치료제가 발명되었다니 놀랍군요.
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Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
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