Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 278
홍차넷
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Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 45
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 47
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 51
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 237
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 34
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 45
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 47
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 51
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 237
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/zero_header.php on line 269
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/zero_header.php on line 300
Warning: Use of undefined constant title - assumed 'title' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/bbs_title.php on line 16
티타임
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/bbs_title.php on line 21
Warning: Use of undefined constant header - assumed 'header' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/bbs_title.php on line 31
- 다양한 주제에 대해 자유롭게 글을 작성하는 게시판입니다.
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_formmail - assumed 'use_formmail' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 519
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_category - assumed 'use_category' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/include/print_category.php on line 9
전체기타일상/생각꿀팁/강좌방송/연예도서/문학영화의료/건강문화/예술경제생활체육과학/기술철학/종교정치요리/음식역사여행육아/가정IT/컴퓨터음악창작게임스포츠사회오프모임
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/setup.php on line 29
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/setup.php on line 41
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
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Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 398
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Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
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Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
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Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
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Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
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Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
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Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 2
Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/memo_replace.php on line 3
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 10
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_category - assumed 'use_category' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 40
| Date |
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 53 16/05/03 11:14:47 Warning: Use of undefined constant mod_date - assumed 'mod_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 56 |
| Name | 모모스 |
| Subject | 미토콘드리아 (Mitochondria) 와 인류의 여정 |
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인간은 단일 세포인 수정체로부터 약 47 번정도만 분열하면 ( 2의 47제곱승 ) 100조개가 넘어 인간 구성세포를 모두 만들 수 있습니다. 100조개의 세포 하나하나마다 46개의 염색체 ( 23쌍의 염색체, 31억쌍 DNA염기) 를 각각의 세포핵에 보관하고 있죠. 정자와 난자가 수정이 될 때 정자는 자신의 모든 걸 버리고 DNA가 들어있는 핵만 난자 속으로 들어갑니다. 난자까지 오는 동안 열심히 에너지를 생산했던 미토콘드리아를 포함한 꼬리 부분을 과감히 버리고 핵만 난자 속으로 들어갑니다.  따라서 한 개의 수정체로부터 복제되어 완성된 우리 몸은 정자의 미토콘드리아는 버리고 난자에 있던 미토콘드리아만 복제되었으므로 현재 우리의 모든 세포에 있는 미토콘드리아는 전부 난자에서 기인한 겁니다. 즉 어머니의 미토콘드리아를 그대로 이어 받은 거죠. 미토콘드리아는 세포의 소기관으로 에너지를 생산하는 역할을 합니다. 인간 세포 한 개당 500~1000개 정도 존재하며 세포핵의 염색체와 별도의 유전물질 즉 DNA ( Mitochonria DNA, mtDNA ) 를 독립적으로 가지고 있으며 mtDNA는 약 37개의 유전자와 약 16,600개의 염기쌍으로 이루어져있습니다. 20억년 전 독립적으로 존재하던 미토콘드리아의 선조가 진핵세포에 포식당하고도 소화되지않고 서로 공생의 길을 걷게 된 결과로 보입니다. (동물의 세포핵과 미토콘드리아 관계는 식물의 핵과 독립적인 DNA 를 가진 엽록체와의 관계에 비견됩니다. ) 이런 이유로 mtDNA는 오직 모계로만 유전됩니다. 지난 번에 말씀드린 것처럼 염색체들은 생식세포분열 할 때 각각의 쌍을 이룬 염색체들이 접합을 하여 유전물질을 교환하는 유전자재조합이 일어난다는 소개해드렸죠. (각인 - 애들은 엄마, 아빠 누구 머리를 닮나? https://new.redtea.kr/?b=3&n=1252) 세포핵의 염색체와 달리 mtDNA는 유전자재조합 (Y염색체도 짝이 없어 유전자재조합이 일어나지 않습니다.) 이 일어나지 않고 오로지 모계세포의 유전정보를 고스란히 후손에 넘겨줍니다. 이는 매우 중요한 특징으로 인류의 DNA 역사를 들여다보는 좋은 도구가 됩니다. 물론 mtDNA도 돌연변이가 발생하는데 비교적 시간에 비례해서 나타납니다. 즉 모계유전자를 그대로 물려받는다는 특징과 비교적 일정한 시간에 돌연변이가 발생한다는 특징을 근거로 아프리카에서 기원한 인간이 다른 대륙으로 어느 때 어떤 방향으로 갔었는가를 상당히 구체적으로 추론할 수 있습니다. 대단한 일이죠. (mtDNA는 더 넓게 각각의 종간에 진화적 관계를 밝히는 데도 사용되어 종의 관계와 계통을 분리하는데 중요한 근거가 됩니다 )    mtDNA 와 비슷하게 역시 유전자재조합이 일어나지 않고 이번엔 오직 부계로만 유전되는 Y염색체로도 마찬가지로 추론할 수 있습니다.  지난번 "커피 이야기 - Caffeine (리뉴얼버전) https://new.redtea.kr/?b=3&n=2712" 에서 나온 "현생인류의 고향은 아프리카입니다. 우리가 많이 아는 흑인들은 단일 인종으로 보이지만 이들은 실제 철기시대로 들어와 서아프리카를 정복한 니그로계열 흑인들로 서아프리카에서 살다가 노예로 잡혀 미국으로 이주한 흑인들과 아직도 아프리카의 넓은 지역에 사는 그 후손들입니다. 실제 아프리카를 좀 더 자세히 살펴보면 아주 다양한 인종의 흑인들이 살고 있습니다. 니그로족, 반투족, 마사이족, 코이산족, 피그미족 등 외형도 매우 다른 다양한 흑인들이 존재합니다. 인류의 발생지답게 다양한 인종이 아프리카에서 살고 있습니다. 실제 미토콘드리아나 Y염색체의 다양성이 가장 많은 대륙이기도 합니다. 고추도 역시 그 원산지인 중앙아메리카에는 현재도 다양한 고추 종들이 야생에 존재합니다. 중앙아메리카 고추 중 일부 종만이 전세계로 파생되어 나왔습니다. 그래서인지 아주 매운 고추들은 종이 다양한 멕시코산들이 많습니다. 심지어 아직도 새로운 고추 종이 계속 발견되구요. 커피도 마찬가지입니다. 에디오피아를 포함한 동아프리카 고산지대가 커피의 고향으로 아직도 이들 지역에는 매우 다양한 커피들이 자연상태로 존재하고 있습니다. 구분할 수 없을 만큼 다양한 커피들이 커피의 고향에서 자라고 있는 거죠. 그래서 고급커피들 중 에티오피아산들이 많습니다. 이들 커피는 재배되는게 아니라 그냥 야생에서 채집해서 가공 판매하는 것들도 많은지라 종류은 많고 생산량은 적어 가격이 매우 비쌉니다." 위에서 언급한 코이산족 (그 유명한 부시먼들입니다.) 은 무려 15만년 전에 혈통이 갈라져 나왔습니다. 역시 인류의 고향답게 아주 오래전에 갈라져 나와있어 비교적 근래에 갈라져나온 유라시아 대륙과 신대륙의 인류에 비해 상대적으로 독특한 외모와 발음하기도 힘든 매우 독창적인 흡착음가 특징적인 언어를 가지고 있습니다. 코이산족이 인류원형에 더 가깝겠죠. 실은 오늘 글은 여기서 출발한 거에요. mtDNA와 Y염색체의 분석으로 1. 일본인은 아이누족의 선조인 조몬인들이 선주민이고 2500년전부터 한반도에서 이주한 야요이족의 혼성으로 현재의 일본인이 되었음을 밝혀냈습니다. 2. 신대륙 아메리카 원주민의 DNA 를 분석해보면 mtDNA변이가 Y염색체변이보다 많은데 아마 1만2000~1만5000년전 최초 아메리카로 이주한 그룹은 남성보다 여성이 더 많았거나 소수의 남성들만 후손을 남긴 것으로 예상하고 있습니다. 3. 현대 콜롬비아인의 DNA를 분석해보면 mtDNA는 다양한 유형의 원주민 것들이 확인되지만 Y염색체는 94%가 콜롬비아를 정복한 스페인인들을 비롯한 유럽 남성들의 것입니다. 당연히 이곳의 역사를 보면 충분히 예상할 수 있는 일이죠. 현 신대륙 아메리카의 거의 모든 나라에서 나타나는 일반적인 패턴입니다. 4. 스페인북쪽 프랑스경계의 피레네산맥근처에 사는 바스크인 먼저 이주했고 그 후 이주한 켈트족, 게르만족 순으로 나타남을 밝혀냈습니다. 5. 북유럽 바이킹의 후손으로 생각되는 현재 아이슬란드인 (실은 2차대전때부터 새롭게 유입된 인구가 많은 편입니다. DNA분석은 그전부터 오랫동안 아이슬란드에 살던 사람들을 분석한 결과입니다.) 의 DNA 분석을 해본 결과 역시 Y염색체는 북유럽 남성들의 것이고 mtDNA는 아이슬란드를 가기 전에 약탈이나 정복을 했던 아일랜드 여성들의 것들이 상당수임을 밝혀냈습니다. 그 밖에도 mtDNA와 Y염색체로 많은 분석을 하고 있습니다. 이런 유전자의 다양함에도 불구하고 인간은 다른 동물들에 비해 상대적으로 유전적 다양성이 매우 적습니다. 불과 수만년 전 전세계 인구가 수천명으로 줄어들만큼 유전적 병목현상이 있었기 때문에 현재 전세계 모든 인종들은 유전적으로 매우 유사합니다. 우리의 가장 가까운 친척인 침팬지랑 비교해보면 이웃해 있는 각각 다른 산에 사는 침팬지의 유전자 다양성보다 전세계에 모든 인종의 다양성이 더 적다고 하네요. 인간은 각 개인별로 보통 염기 1000개당 1개정도가 다른데 비교적 고립되어 살았던 고릴라도 우리 인간보다 무려 2배정도 변이가 큽니다. 침팬지는 3배, 오랑우탕은 3.5배정도 큽니다. 이들 유인원들은 인간과 달리 유전자병목현상이 적었기 때문입니다. 심지어 우리의 눈으로 구분하기 힘들어 전부 같아 보이는 남극의 아델리펭귄도 우리의 2배수준이고 초파리는 무려 10배수준입니다. Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 133 Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 146 Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 161 4 이 게시판에 등록된 모모스님의 최근 게시물
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Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 185
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Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 542
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Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 577
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 577
Warning: Use of undefined constant grant_delete - assumed 'grant_delete' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 577
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 429
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_formmail - assumed 'use_formmail' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 605
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 599
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Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 605
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 605
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 609
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Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 614
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Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 618
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 612
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Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 620
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 628
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 628
Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 640
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 644
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 646
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 646
Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/cmt_replace.php on line 3
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 6
Warning: Use of undefined constant file_name - assumed 'file_name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 28
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 65
38690 class="iamcmt" style="display:none;"> Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 66
38690 class='vcm '>
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 70
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 71
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 76
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 117
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 118
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 119
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38690'> 구밀복검
Warning: Use of undefined constant mod_date - assumed 'mod_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 133
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 142
16/05/03 11:22
38690>삭제 주소복사
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 150
그래서 거칠게 말하면 인류 자체가 죄다 복제인간이라고 말해도 무방하죠.
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
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