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홍차넷
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티타임
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- 다양한 주제에 대해 자유롭게 글을 작성하는 게시판입니다.
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전체기타일상/생각꿀팁/강좌방송/연예도서/문학영화의료/건강문화/예술경제생활체육과학/기술철학/종교정치요리/음식역사여행육아/가정IT/컴퓨터음악창작게임스포츠사회오프모임
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| Date |
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| Name | 모모스 |
| Subject | 불멸의 세포 |
|
불멸의 세포 - 우리는 영생할 수 있을까? Immortal Cell line인 HeLa 세포는 전세계 많은 실험실에서 사용되고 있습니다. 1951년 자궁경부암으로 죽은 헨리에타 렉스 (Henrietta Lacks) 라는 흑인 여성의 암세포로 다른 암세포와 달리 몸 밖에서도 쉽게 배양되는 소중한 세포주입니다. 소아마비 백신, 항암치료제, 에이즈치료제, 파킨슨병, 시험관 아기 등 연구에 사용되었고 현재도 많이 사용되는 세포주입니다. 실제 전세계 실험실에 존재하는 HeLa 세포의 양을 모두 합하면 헨리에타 렉스가 살아있을 때 몸무게의 수백배가 넘는다고 하네요. 아마 앞으로도 영원히 사는 불멸의 세포일겁니다. ( 뒤에 말하겠지만 뛰어난 성능의 telomerase 때문입니다.)  Henrietta Lacks 그럼 인간도 영원히 살 수 있는 건 아닐까? 인간은 단일세포인 수정체로부터 약 47 번정도만 분열하면 ( 2의 47제곱승 ) 100조개가 넘어 인간 구성세포를 모두 만들 수 있습니다. 뇌세포처럼 일정양 이상되면 세포분열을 멈추고 평생 사는 세포들 등을 감안한다해도 약 50 여번만 분열하면 한명의 인간이 탄생합니다. 그 후 피부세포, 동맥혈관세포, 각종 epithelial cell 등 피로도 높은 세포들은 쉽게 손상이 되는데 이런 손상된 세포들은 제거되고 건강한 세포가 다시 분열되어 이를 대신하면서 평생 많아야 수백번정도 더 세포분열하고 일생을 마감합니다. 인간은 약 20세부터 35세까지 번식을 하고 그후 약 20년간 자녀양육을 하면서 55~75세가 되면 노화가 되는 시스템으로 오래동안 자연선택되어 진화되어 왔습니다. 다음 번식이 일어나는 20세 이전, 인간의 몸에 해를 끼치는 유전자 (노화유전자같은 것들) 은 철저하게 자연선택에 의해서 제거되었을 겁니다. ( 번식을 못하니까 ) 그러나 생식이 일어나지 않는 55세이후, 육체에 손상을 일으키는 노화유전자는 자연선택으로 제거되지 못했으니 각각 사람마다 다양한 형태의 노화 현상을 나타내며서 인간의 수명을 다합니다. 실은 노화유전자라는 말 자체도 틀린 말입니다. 그냥 생식 시기가 지난 후에 쇠퇴를 가져오는 돌연변이는 자연선택에 의해 제거되지 않고 그냥 누적되어있는 겁니다. 코끼리나 거북이처럼 천적이 없고 번식하려면 시간이 많이 걸리는 동물은 노화유전자가 생식 시기 이전에 나타나는 것을 철저하게 자연선택으로 제거되고 오래 살게 되게 설계되어있고 쥐처럼 천적이 많고 오래살기 힘든 동물은 노화보다는 다른 이유로 금방 사망하므로 노화유전자를 제거하기 보단 빠르게 생식을 할 수 있고 빨리 자라고 자손을 많이 번식시키는 방향으로 진화되지 않았나합니다. ( 실제 쥐가 천적이 없는 곳인 실험실에서 오래 살면 각종 노화증상이 나타납니다. 자연상태보다 오래사는 우리의 반려견들도 마찬가지죠.) 각각의 동물마다 기대수명에 맞도록 번식 나이가 멈추고 노화가 진행되게 유전자에 기록되어있는겁니다. (각종 동물들의 평생 심장박동수에 비례해서 심장박동수가 느린 동물은 오래살고 빠른 동물은 일찍죽는다는 설이 있는데 박쥐나 새처럼 심장박동수가 빨라도 오래사는 동물도 많습니다. 차라리 동맥혈관의 피로도로 설명하면 모를까요? ) 그럼 왜 노화유전자가 있는 것일까요? 세포가 분열을 하면 할수록 유전자에 이상이 생길 확률이 높습니다. 오래되어 손상을 입은 세포, 분열을 많이 해서 처음 유전자와 달라질 확률이 높은 세포 등은 이 노화유전자 등에 의해 제거되고 다음세대를 위해서 사라져주는게 전체 유전자에게 이득이여서 그런게 아닌가하네요. 우리생명체의 주인은 DNA이고 우리의 육체는 DNA가 자신을 복제하면서 이어갈 때 이에 잠깐 이용되는 운반체라고나 할까요. 운반체가 삐걱거리고 처음과 달리 자기 뜻되고 안되면 미리 만들어 놓은 처음 설계도처럼 된 운반체만 사용하고 오래된 것은 버려야죠. 실제 진화의 메카니즘인 돌연변이체는 생식세포분열에서만 일어납니다. 체세포분열로 새롭게 생성되는 세포나 획득되는 형질은 다음세대로 이어지지 못합니다. 텔로미어 ( telomere ) 노화를 조절하는 유전자는 7000여개로 추정되며 어떻게 단 하나를 제거한다고 해서 조절 할 수 있는 시스템이 아닙니다. 아주 복잡한 시스템입니다. 다만 각세포가 세포분열을 몇 번했고 얼마나 오래되었는지를 표시해 주어서 노화유전자의 발현에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 표시가 우리 유전자에 있습니다. 텔로미어 ( telomere ) 라는 것으로 각 DNA사슬 끝자락에 의미없는 단어 ( TTAGGG ) 2000여번 반복되어 있고 이 단어는 세포분열을 할수록 점점 짧아집니다. ( 우리 DNA는 실제 분열할때 양쪽 끝을 조금씩은 생략하고 복제를 합니다. 그래서 의미없는 단어가 양끝에 남아있죠. 80세정도가 되면 전체 텔로미어는 태어났을 때의 5/8정도가 됩니다. ) 많은 과학자들이 이 텔로미어가 짧아지면서 노화를 촉진시키는 건 아닌지 의심합니다. 실제 위에 HeLa세포가 영원히 사는 것도 텔로미어가 짧아지는 것을 막고 다시 생성시켜 주는 뛰어난 성능의 Telomerase라는 효소 (이놈도 신기하게 리보솜처럼 RNA-단백질중합체입니다.) 가 다른 세포와 달리 왕성하게 활동하기 때문입니다. HeLa 세포도 Telomerase 저해제를 넣어주면 25번 더 분열하고 죽습니다.  암세포 그럼 텔로미어를 생성시켜주는 Telomerase 조절하면 영원히 살지 않을까요? 그러면 세포분열을 조절하지 못하고 영원히 세포분열을 해서 자신이 얻을 수 있는 자원이 고갈될 때까지 자라겠죠. 바로 암세포입니다. 암세포는 자라기 위해서는 Telomerase 활성화가 필수불가한 요건입니다. Telomerase 가 활성화되지 않은 암세포는 분열할 때마다 DNA의 양끝이 작아져서 분열횟수가 증가할수록 중요한 유전자까지 생략하게되고 결국은 소멸될 겁니다. 암세포는 피부, 고환, 유방, 직장, 위, 백혈구 등 세포분열을 많이 하는 세포에서 생깁니다. 세포분열을 하면 할수록 DNA 의 복제가 잘못될 확률이 높고 그 잘못된 복제가 세포분열을 조절하는 곳이라면 그 자제력을 잃고 무한증식해서 암세포가 되는 겁니다. 그렇다고 무작정 암세포가 되는 건 아니죠. Telomerase 활성화시켜야 하고 암세포억제 단백질인 p53이란 것도 극복해야하구요. p53단백질이 잘못된 DNA를 발견하면 세포분열을 막고 수선하도록 신호을 보내고 그도 불가능하면 세포자살 (Apoptosis) 시킵니다. 아무튼 암세포가 되는 건 확률의 문제죠. 담배를 많이 피우면 폐가 손상되고 이 손상된 폐세포를 교체하기 위해 끊임없이 세포분열을 하고 그러다보면 암세포가 발생할 확률이 높아집니다. 물론 담배속에 들어 있는 수많은 발암물질 ( 주로 aromatic ring 1개짜리 단일 평면으로 입체구조가 간단해 세포막을 잘 투과하고 DNA 사이에 잘 침투하는 물질들이 주로 발암물질들입니다.) 들이 폐세포의 DNA 사이에 끼어들어가서 DNA복제를 왜곡시켜 암세포를 발생시키기도 합니다. 아무튼 Telomerase만으로는 노화를 제어할 수 없고 아까 말씀드린 거처럼 노화를 조절하는 건 7000여개의 유전자이고 이를 효율적으로 제어한다는 것 자체가 아주 어려운 일이라 생각됩니다. 기억 우리의 뇌세포는 더이상 분열하지도 않고 우리가 죽을 때까지 함께합니다. (평생 약 2~3%의 뇌세포만 여러가지 원인으로 죽고 그 외에는 노화로 기능을 잃으면서 수명을 다합니다. 물론 뇌세포를 지지하는 역할을 하는 glial cell은 계속 세포분열하여 수선됩니다. ) 우리에겐 기억이란게 있습니다. 기억은 뇌세포들간의 전기적인 신호간의 결과물로 나타나는 겁니다. 따라서 뇌세포가 분열해서 새로워진다고 기억이 되살아나는 건 아닙니다. 우리의 대부분 세포들은 손상된 세포를 제거하고 새로 분열된 세포로 수선하는 한편 또 노화되면서 평생을 살아오다가 결국에 사멸해갑니다. 이 흐름을 막아봐야 암세포처럼 무한 증식하는 세포밖에 되지 않습니다. 그리고 뇌세포 특성상 가장 소중한 기억이란 것은 다시 복제할 수 없어요. 소중한 사람들과의 추억이나 일생동안 얻은 지식 같은 기억들을 잃고 무한 증식만 하는 세포들로 꽉차 제대로 기능을 못하는 몸으로 영생을 살아봐야 무슨 의미가 있겠습니까? 히스파니올라섬 https://new.redtea.kr/?b=3&n=1200 천연두 바이러스 https://new.redtea.kr/?b=3&n=1191 기생충 이야기 https://new.redtea.kr/?b=3&n=1183 기생충에 대한 또다른 인간의 방어법 IgE https://new.redtea.kr/?b=3&n=1175 가축화된 포유류는 어떤게 있나? https://new.redtea.kr/?b=3&n=1161 섹스의 진화 https://new.redtea.kr/?b=3&n=1147 외계로부터의 생명 전달 https://new.redtea.kr/?b=3&n=1097 항생제 이야기 https://new.redtea.kr/?b=3&n=1091 소주 이야기 https://new.redtea.kr/?b=3&n=1075 콜라 이야기 https://new.redtea.kr/?b=3&n=1057 커피 이야기 - Caffeine https://new.redtea.kr/?b=3&n=1051 보스턴차사건 (Boston Tea Party) - 보스턴홍차사건 https://new.redtea.kr/?b=3&n=1034 유전자조작식물 (GMO) https://new.redtea.kr/?b=3&n=1024 Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 133 Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 146 Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 161 9 이 게시판에 등록된 모모스님의 최근 게시물
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17664 class="iamcmt" style="display:none;"> Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 66
17664 class='vcm '>
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17664'> Beer Inside
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15/10/09 20:15
17664>삭제 주소복사
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오늘이 가장 감동적인 글입니다.
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17664>
17664>
