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홍차넷
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티타임
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- 다양한 주제에 대해 자유롭게 글을 작성하는 게시판입니다.
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전체기타일상/생각꿀팁/강좌방송/연예도서/문학영화의료/건강문화/예술경제생활체육과학/기술철학/종교정치요리/음식역사여행육아/가정IT/컴퓨터음악창작게임스포츠사회오프모임
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| Date |
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| Name | ar15Lover |
| Subject | (번역)사회 발전은 결코 인간의 합리적인 통제의 대상이 될 수 없다 |
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The Development of a Society Can Never Be Subject to Rational Human Control 사회 발전은 결코 인간의 합리적인 통제의 대상이 될 수 없다시어도어 존 카진스키 VI. 이 장에 대한 주된 비판은 아마도, 저자가 “누구나” 다 알고있는 뻔한 사실을 굳이 종이와 잉크를 낭비해가며 구구절절 설명했다는 비판일 것이다. 하지만 불행하게도, 인간은 사회 발전을 결코 합리적으로 통제할 수 없다는 사실을 모두가 알고 있지는 않다. 심지어 이 명제를 추상적 원칙으로는 인정하는 사람들조차 이 원칙을 구체적인 사례에 적용하지 못한다. 얼핏 보기에 똑똑해 보이는 사람들이, 사회 문제들을 해결할 정교한 계획은 절대, 절대, 절대 성공적으로 시행될 수 없다는 사실을 완전히 잊은채 그러한 계획을 제안하는 것을 우리는 몇 번이고 되풀이해서 목격하고 있다. 유명한 기술 비판자 이반 일리치(Ivan Illich)는 수십 년에 전 읽기만 해도 정신이 혼미해질 것 같은 환상적인 제안을 했다. 이반 일리치는 이렇게 적었다. “자율적인 개인들과 1차 집단들이, 인간의 필요를 충족시키기 위해 설계된 새로운 생산 체제의 총제적 효율성에 기여할 수 있는 형태로 사회를 재구성해야한다.” 그리고 “모든 사회 구성원들이 타인의 통제를 받지 않는 수단을 통해 최대한 자율적인 행동을 할 수 있도록 사회를 설계해야한다."124라고 적었다. 마치 사회를 의식적으로, 합리적으로 “재구성”하거나 “설계”하는게 가능한 것 마냥 말이다. 지독하게 멍청한 또 다른 사례는 아르너 네스(Arne Naess)125와 첼리스 글랜디닝(Chellis Glendinning)126이 각각 1989년, 1990년에 저질렀다. 이 사례는 이 책의 제3장 파트 IV에서 다루고 있다. 지금 현재(2013년), 현명해야할 사람들이 자꾸만 사회 발전을 합리적으로 통제하는 것은 불가능하다는 사실을 무시하고 있다. 이로인해, 우리는 기술성애자들이 “인류는 스스로의 운명을 책임진다.”, “우리는 우리의 진화를 스스로 책임질 것이다.”, “사람들이 진화를 통제할 것이다.”127 같은 헛소리를 하는 모습을 자꾸 보게된다. 기술성애자들은 “연구를 지도해 기술이 사회를 개선”하는 것을 돕고자 한다. 그래서 그들은 “진보를 형성하고, 사회가 기술 발전의 결과에 적응하도록 돕고”, “인공지능을… 인간에게 우호적으로 만들기” 위해 “특이점 대학(Singularity University)”과 “특이점 연구소(Singularity Institute)”를 세웠다.128 물론, 기술성애자들은 기술의 “진보를 형성”하거나 “사회를 개선”하지 못할 것이며, 기술이 인간에게 우호적이게끔 만들지도 못할 것이다. 장기적으로, 기술적 진보는 오직 상대방을 앞지르기 위해 기술을 도입하는 경쟁 집단들 간의 예측불가능하고 통제불가능한 권력 투쟁에 의해 “형성”될 것이다. 제2장을 참고하라. 아마 대부분의 기술성애자들은 “사회 개선”을 위해 기술의 “진보를 형성”하겠다는 헛소리를 진지하게 믿지 않을 것이다. 실제로는, “사회 개선”이라는 환상이 급진적인 기술 혁신에 대한 대중의 저항을 사전에 차단하는 프로파간다로 쓰이는 동안, 특이점 대학은 기술지향적 기업가들의 이익을 위해 복무하고 있다.129 하지만 그러한 프로파간다는 오직 평범한 사람들이 그 환상을 진지하게 믿을만큼 순진하기 때문에 효과적으로 작동하는 것이다. “사회를 개선”하겠다는 기술성애자들의 계획의 배후에 있는 동기가 무엇이든 간에, 이와 유사한 다른 진지한 계획들이 있다. 최근의 사례는, 제레미 리프킨(Jeremy Rifkin)(2011)130과 빌 아이비(Bill Ivey)131의 저서를 참고하라. 리프킨과 아이비의 제안보다는 얼핏 더 정교해보이지만 똑같이 현실적으로 실행불가능한 계획들이 있다. 2011년에 출판된 책에서, 니콜라스 애쉬포드( Nicholas Ashford)와 랄프 P. 홀(Ralph P. Hall)132은 “산업국가들의 지속가능한 발전을 달성하기 위한 일관적, 학문통합적(transdisciplinary) 접근을 제시한다. … 저자들은 경제, 고용, 기술, 환경, 산업 발전, 국내법, 국제법, 무역, 금융, 노동자와 공공의 건강과 안전을 아우르는 지속가능성 문제를 해결하기 위한 다목적 해결책의 설계를 주장한다.”133 애쉬포드와 홀은 그저 플라톤의 “국가”134나 토마스 모어의 “유토피아” 같은 관념적인 추측을 제시할 의도로 책을 쓰지 않았다. 그들은 그들이 실용적인 계획을 제시했다고 믿고있다.135 또 다른 사례로(2011), 나오미 클라인(Naomi Klein)은 거대한, 정교한, 전세계적 “계획”136을 제안했다. 이 계획은 지구온난화를 통제하고137, 환경 문제들을 해결하고138, 동시에 우리에게 “참 민주주의”를 가져오고139, 기업들에게 “고삐”140를 채우고, 실업률을 낮추고141, 부유한 국가들의 소비를 줄이고142, 가난한 국가들의 경제를 성장시키고,143 “초-개인주의 대신 상호의존성을, 지배 대신 호혜(互惠)를, 계층 대신 협력을”144 조성하고, “지구의 생명체들을 보호하기 위한 이 모든 투쟁들을 일관적인 서사로 우아하게 엮어내고”145, 동시에 “진보”적 의제를 촉진146하여 “건강하고, 정의로운 세상”을 창조하는 것이 목표이다.147 애쉬포드, 홀, 클라인148 같은 사람들이 떠올린 계획들이 일종의 정성들인 농담이 아닌가 싶기도 하지만, 아니다. 이들은 꽤 진지하다. 이 사람들은 대체 어떻게 이러한 계획들이 현실 세계에서 실행될 수 있다고 믿는 것일까? 인간사에 대한 현실 감각이 아예 없는걸까? 그럴수도 있다. 하지만 나오미 클라인 스스로가 더 그럴듯한 설명을 내놓았다: “자신의 세계관이 박살나는 모습을 보는 것보다는, 현실을 부정하는게 언제나 더 쉽다...”149 대부분의 지식인들을 포함해, 대부분의 중상류층의 세계관은, 엄밀하게 조직되어있고, 문화적으로 “진보”한, 높은 수준의 사회 질서를 갖춘 대규모 사회에 철저하게 종속되어 있다. 이런 부류의 사람들에게 있어서, 우리가 따라가고 있는 재앙으로 향하는 길에서 벗어날 유일한 방법은 조직 사회의 완전한 붕괴와 혼란으로의 추락 밖에 없다는 사실을 인정하는 것은 심리적으로 대단히 어려울 것이다. 그래서 그들은 그들의 삶과 세계관이 종속되어 있는 사회를 지켜주겠다는 약속을 하는 계획이라면, 그 계획이 아무리 비현실적이더라도 붙잡으려고 한다. 그리고 우리는 그들이 그들의 세계관을 그들의 목숨보다 더 중요하게 여기고 있는 것은 아닌지 의심해야 한다. 각주124. Illich, pp. 10,20. 125. Naess, pp. 92–103. 126. Glendinning, as referenced in our List of Works Cited. 127. Grossman, p. 49, col. 1, col. 3. Vance, p. 1. 128. Grossman, p. 48, col. 3. Markoff, “Ay Robot!,” p. 4, col. 2, col. 3. (광고가 실린 부분은 무시할 것). 129. e.g., Vance, p. 1 참고(특이점 대학은 “기업가들에게 전망좋은 기술들을 소개시켜주는데 집중하고 있다…”, etc.). 130. Rifkin, as referenced in our List of Works Cited. 131. Ivey, as referenced in our List of Works Cited. 132. Ashford & Hall, as referenced in our List of Works Cited. 133. 출판사 서문은 2016년 3월 28일 http://yalebooks.com/book/9780300169720/technology-globalization-and-sustainable-development에 실렸다. 인용된 부분은 실제로 책의 내용을 설명하고 있다. 134. 플라톤은 그의 저서 “국가”를 그저 관념적인 추측으로 여기지 않았다. 그는 그가 최소한의 실용적 가능성을 설명한다고 생각했다. Buchanan 참고: “The Republic," Book V, pp. 491–92; Book VI, pp. 530–31; Book VII, p.584. 하지만 내가 아는 바에 따르면, 근대에 들어서 플라톤의 “국가”는 실용적 가능성에 대한 설명이 아닌 이론적 추측으로 다루어졌다. 135. Ashford & Hall, p. 1. (“우리가 이 책에서 논의한 처방을 유토피아로 여기지 않기를 바란다.”) 136. Klein, pp. 14–15. 137. Ibid., pp. 14–17. 138. Ibid., p. 15. 139. Ibid., p. 15, col. 1. 140. Ibid.; 또한 p. 18, col. 1 참고. (“ 시장의 힘에 고삐를 채워야 한다.”) 141. Ibid., pp. 15, col. 1, col. 2; 16; 21, col. 2. 142. Ibid., pp. 16; 17, col. 2. 143. Ibid., p. 16. 144. Ibid., p. 19, col. 2. 145. Ibid., p. 20, col. 1. 146. Ibid. 147. Ibid., p. 20, col. 2. 148. 이런 망상들의 더 최근(2015) 사례들은, Gardner, Prugh & Renner, p. 17 참고. (“지금 세계는 생산과 소비 체계 전체를 근본적으로 바꿀 해결책을 도입해야한다… 이것은… 대규모의 사회적, 경제적, 정치적 공학을 필요로 한다...”) 149. Klein, p. 18, col. 1. 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155299>삭제 주소복사
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 150
사회는 다양성을 포용해야하니 적극적 퇴보주의자도 있어야 하긴 하겠죠.
기술성애자는 모순적인 점이, 사실상 모든 인간의 본성은 기술을 사용하는 것 아닌가요? 측량, 건축, 제련 등이 발견되지 않는 인간 집단이 지구상에 있던가요?
현실적으로 실현 불가능하다고 여긴 것들이 많이 실현되었죠. 인간형 로봇을 만들고, 달에 사람을 보내고, 수직이착륙기를 만들고, 밤에 전기로 불을 켜며, 마차보다 빠른 자동차를 쓰죠.
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
기술성애자는 모순적인 점이, 사실상 모든 인간의 본성은 기술을 사용하는 것 아닌가요? 측량, 건축, 제련 등이 발견되지 않는 인간 집단이 지구상에 있던가요?
현실적으로 실현 불가능하다고 여긴 것들이 많이 실현되었죠. 인간형 로봇을 만들고, 달에 사람을 보내고, 수직이착륙기를 만들고, 밤에 전기로 불을 켜며, 마차보다 빠른 자동차를 쓰죠.
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
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