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홍차넷
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추천
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- 회원들이 추천해주신 좋은 글들을 따로 모아놓는 공간입니다.
- 추천글은 매주 자문단의 투표로 선정됩니다.
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전체기타일상/생각꿀팁/강좌게임문학영화의료/건강문화/예술경제체육/스포츠과학철학/종교정치/사회요리/음식역사여행IT/컴퓨터음악창작사진
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| Date |
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| Name | 모모스 |
| Subject | 니코틴과 히로뽕 이야기 |
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지난 번에 소개 한 것처럼 우리의 뇌와 마음을 지배하는 약물들을 아래와 같이 분류할 수 있습니다.  코카인, 암페타민 (히로뽕, 필로폰류) , 니코틴, 카페인, 항우울제 등은 그 정도가 다르긴 하지만 신경흥분제 (Psychoactive stimulant) 들로서 중추신경계에 작용하여 사람의 기분을 좋게 만드는 물질들입니다. 역시 각각 그 정도가 다르지만 중독성도 있습니다. 신경흥분제들은 뇌에서 중요한 역할을 하는 신경전달물질인 도파민, 노르에피네프린, 세로토닌를 매개로 하는 신경시스템과 연관되어 작용을 합니다. 도파민, 노르에피네프린, 세로토닌에 대해 간단히 소개하면  도파민 - 쾌락, 정열적 움직임, 긍정적인 마음, 성욕, 식욕 등을 조절하며 인간이 살아갈 의욕과 흥미를 부여하는 중요한 뇌의 신경전달물질, 뇌 이외에서는 호르몬으로도 사용됨 노르에피네프린 - 불안, 부정적 마음, 스트레스 반응 등을 조절하는 것으로 알려진 역시 중요한 뇌의 신경전달물질. 뇌이외에서는 자율신경의 신경전달물질로도 사용됨 세로토닌 - 위의 두 가지 매개되는 신경을 억제하고 너무 흥분하지도 않고 불안한 감정도 갖지 못하게 평온함을 유지시킴. 그래서 세로토닌이 부족한 경우 우울증에 빠짐. 니코틴  담배에서 중독현상을 유발시키는 물질은 니코틴 (Nicotine) 입니다. 니코틴은 담배잎 말고도 여러 식물에 포함되어있는데 코카인이 유래한 코카잎도 니코틴을 함유하고 있습니다. 지난 번에 말씀 드린 것처럼 식물들은 자신들만의 다양하고 복잡한 생합성 경로 (식물들은 거대하고 복잡한 생화학공장입니다.) 를 통해 천적들에 강력한 생리활성을 나타내는 물질을 독극물로 사용하려고 대량으로 합성해내서 식물 내에 보관합니다. 니코틴 역시 신경독으로 식물들이 곤충들로부터 자신을 방어하기 위한 만든 물질입니다. 역시 곤충과 달리 인간과 같은 척추동물은 간에서 대사를 시켜 방어하거나 용량을 조절하여 버텨냅니다. 다만 중독이 될 뿐이죠. 인간들이 담배를 피면 니코틴이 뇌로 신속하게 이동하고 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor과 결합하여 도파민의 분비를 촉진 시킵니다. 담배의 니코틴이 체내에서 감소하면 도파민 분비도 역시 감소하여 금단현상이 일어나고 결국 다시 니코틴을 찾게 되어 담배를 피는 전형적인 마약중독현상과 같습니다. 이것이 세계의 많은 나라에서 담배를 마약으로 지정한 이유입니다. 메스암페타민 (히로뽕)  히로뽕, 필로폰으로 불리는 강력한 마약으로 메스암페타민이 있습니다. 메스암페타민은 역시 코카인처럼 주로 뇌에 존재하는 신경전달물질인 도파민 (dopamine) 매개로 하는 신경흥분제입니다. 뇌신경전달체계에서 중요한 도파민과 구조도 비슷하여 Dopamine Receptor에 Agonist로 작용도 하고 코카인과는 구조 유사성이 적지만 코카인처럼 신경말단에서 도파민의 재흡수를 막아 도파민의 작용시간을 늘려 뇌신경들의 흥분상태를 유지시킵니다. 여러가지 기전으로 작용하는 강력한 마약이며 코카인과 달리 반감기도 길어서 무서운 중독현상을 나타내는 마약입니다. (코카인의 반감기 1시간정도이고 메스암페타민은 반감기가 12시간정도) 뇌에서 쾌락을 담당하는 영역의 도파민 작용부위에 작용하여 신경을 흥분시키고 기분이 좋아지고 자신감이 넘치게 만듭니다. 하지만 약효가 떨어지면 급속하게 우울증, 배고픔, 극도의 불안감들이 갑자기 몰려와 견딜 수 없게 만들어 다시 약을 찾게합니다. 코카인보다도 더 벗어나기 힘든 마약 중에 하나로 알려져 있습니다.  지난 번에 소개한 것처럼 감기약에 들어있는 슈도에페드린 (Pseudoephedrine)에서 단 한번의 반응으로 메스암페타민 (Methamphetamine) 을 합성할 수 있습니다. ADHD (Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder) 주의력 결핍/과다행동 장애(Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder), ADHD에 대해 많이 들어보셨죠. 학교수업시간에 집중을 하지 못하고 충동을 억제하지 못하거나 과잉활동을 보이는 증상으로 어린 남자아이들에게 많이 발생합니다. ADHD는 역시 여타의 뇌관련 질환처럼 다양한 원인에 의해서 발생하고 그 원인 자체도 불분명한 경우가 많고 ADHD에 사용되는 약물도 여타의 정신치료약물들과 비슷하게 효과는 탁월하지만 그 작용 기전이 모두 밝혀지지 않았고 일부는 불분명한 경우도 많습니다. 현재까지 알려진 바로는 ADHD는 역시 뇌의 신경전달물질인 도파민과 관련되어 있다고합니다. 따라서 치료약물들이 주로 암페타민류입니다.  ADHD에 암페타민 유사체로 메틸페니데이트 (methylphenidate)가 주성분인 Ritalin 주로 처방 되는데 1일 2회 투여하며 효과적인 관리환경이라면 메타암페타민과 달리 반감기가 매우 짧아 상대적으로 중독현상이 적다고 합니다. 그래도 찜찜하죠. 과도한 의욕을 가진 부모들이 학습력을 향상시키기 위해 ADHD 증상이 없음에도 불구하고 자녀들에게 이 약을 복용시키기도 한다는데 제 자녀에게라면 절대 사용할 생각을 안하겠습니다.  그 밖에 1일 1회 투여하는 덱스트로암페타민 (d-Amphetamine ) 이 주성분인 Adderall 등이 쓰인다고 합니다. 과거 제어할 수 없는 졸음에 빠지는 "수면발작" 을 일으키는 기면증에도 신경흥분제인 암페타민류를 사용하였습니다. 지금은 Modafinil를 사용하죠. * Toby님에 의해서 티타임 게시판으로부터 게시물 복사되었습니다 (2016-09-26 11:07) * 관리사유 : 추천게시판으로 복사합니다. Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 133 Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 146 Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 161 6
이 게시판에 등록된 모모스님의 최근 게시물
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Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 577
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 577
Warning: Use of undefined constant grant_delete - assumed 'grant_delete' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 577
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 429
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_formmail - assumed 'use_formmail' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 605
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 599
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 599
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 600
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 600
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 605
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 605
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 609
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 609
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 614
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 616
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 618
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 618
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 612
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 612
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 620
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 628
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 628
Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 640
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 644
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 646
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 646
Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/cmt_replace.php on line 3
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 6
Warning: Use of undefined constant file_name - assumed 'file_name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 28
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 65
6077 class="iamcmt" style="display:none;"> Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 66
6077 class='vcm '>
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 70
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 71
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 76
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 117
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 118
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 119
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 120
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 121
6077'> 까페레인
Warning: Use of undefined constant mod_date - assumed 'mod_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 133
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 142
16/09/15 14:51
6077>삭제 주소복사
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 150
아주 재밌게 읽었습니다. 역시나 모국어로 읽으니 귀에 속속 들어오네요. 반감기는 우리말로 어떻게 설명을 하는지 궁금하네요.
예를 들어 리탈린은 반감기가 짧다라고 하셨는데...살짝 보충 설명해주시면 감사하겠습니다.
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
예를 들어 리탈린은 반감기가 짧다라고 하셨는데...살짝 보충 설명해주시면 감사하겠습니다.
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
6077>
6077>
