Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 278
홍차넷
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 34
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 45
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 47
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 51
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 237
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 34
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 45
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 47
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 51
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 237
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/zero_header.php on line 269
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/zero_header.php on line 300
Warning: Use of undefined constant title - assumed 'title' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/bbs_title.php on line 16
티타임
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/bbs_title.php on line 21
Warning: Use of undefined constant header - assumed 'header' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/bbs_title.php on line 31
- 다양한 주제에 대해 자유롭게 글을 작성하는 게시판입니다.
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_formmail - assumed 'use_formmail' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 519
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_category - assumed 'use_category' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/include/print_category.php on line 9
전체기타일상/생각꿀팁/강좌방송/연예도서/문학영화의료/건강문화/예술경제생활체육과학/기술철학/종교정치요리/음식역사여행육아/가정IT/컴퓨터음악창작게임스포츠사회오프모임
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/setup.php on line 29
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/setup.php on line 41
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 398
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
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Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
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Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 2
Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/memo_replace.php on line 3
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 10
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_category - assumed 'use_category' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 40
| Date |
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 53 18/12/28 22:26:28 Warning: Use of undefined constant mod_date - assumed 'mod_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 56 |
| Name | Iwanna |
| Subject | 공부 잘하는 이들의 비밀은 뭘까? (下) |
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똑똑한 분들 많고, 전문직 많고... 이런 홍차넷에 용감하게 공부의 비밀을 주제로 던진 Iwanna입니다. 이전 댓글을 보면서 제 한계를 다시 실감하고 있습니다. 흑흑. 어쨌건 원래 전달하고자 했던 이야기에 이전 댓글을 주신 분들의 내용을 넣어서 마무리할까 합니다. 댓글들을 보면서 인간 마음과 행동, 그 중에서도 비교적 좁은 주제인 ‘공부’만 해도 다양한 이야기들이 나올 수 있다는 걸 새삼 깨달았습니다. 인간 마음은 왜 이렇게 이해하기가 어려울까요? 기본적으로 [인간 마음은 직접 측정할 수 없고, 행동을 통해서 간접 측정해야 하기 때문]입니다. 예를 들어서 댓글에는 많은 분들이 ‘지능’에 대해서 말해 주었는데요. 여기서 말하는 지능은 일반지능(g)일텐데, 우리는 결코 이 지능을 직접 측정할 수 없습니다. 다만 주어진 지능검사 문항(item)에 대한 반응을 통해서 일반지능을 유추해낼 수 있을 뿐이지요. 물론 통계적, 과학적인 방법론이 들어오면서 어느정도 이 딜레마가 걷히기는 했습니다. 우리들은 통계를 통해서(특히 Baysian) 우리는 행동을 통해 통계적으로 유의미한 수준에서 마음의 구성개념을 파악해 내고, 외부 변인들의 효과를 측정합니다. 또 학자들은 문항을 꼼꼼하게 만들고, 인간 행동 환경을 통제하고, 또 fMRI 같은 최신 측정 장비들을 동원해서 데이터에 잡음(noise)를 제거하려고 합니다. 문제는 때로 [학자들이 밝혀낸 ‘공부’의 요소들마저 지나치게 복잡하거나, 때로는 서로 모순될 때가 있습니다]. 예를 들어, 이전 글의 댓글에서 언급된 맥주만땅님이 말씀하신 유전자, Crowley님, Sophie님과 SCV님이 말씀하신 (유전의 영향력이 절대적인) 지능, 회색사과님이 말씀하신 상상력과 직관력(저는 이 말씀을 아이들이 서로 다른 오성을 타고났다는 말로 이해했습니다) 에 대한 이야기가 하나의 큰 맥락을 형성할 겁니다. 여러 연구에서 학업수행을 설명하는 단일 변인으로 가장 크게 손꼽히고 있을 겁니다. 또 한편으로는 멜로님이나 SCV님이 지적한 태도도 중요한 변일 일 겁니다. 대표적으로 사람은 더 똑똑해질 수 있다고 믿는 사람들이 그렇지 못한 사람들보다 실제로 긍정적인 변화를 만들어 낼 수 있다는 실험이 아주 유명하죠. 또 튼튼한 멘탈이나 충분한 사회적 지원(social support)도 항상 꼽히는 요소 구요. 그리고 학습법이 어떻게 다르고, 사람마다 학습 스타일이 다르고……. 검증된, 경험에 근거한 이야기만 모아도 복잡하단 생각이 듭니다. 이런 문제들은 사실 많은 부분들이 층위가 다르기 때문에 생겨납니다. 부족한 이해로 조심스럽게 정리하자면, 지능과 유전은 우리에게 주어진 선택지를 제한합니다. 하스스톤으로 말하자면 직업이나 덱이 어느정도 결정된다고 할 수 있죠. 좋은 태도는 제한된 자원을 가지고 최대한 많은 성과를 거둘 수 있게 만들죠. 그리고 어떤 분야에서는 적절한 학습, 피드백이 절대적인 요소이기도 합니다. 가드너 같은 학자의 다중지능 이론 등으로 사람마다 서로 다른 적성과 그에 맞는 공부방식이 있다는 논의까지 확장되게 됩니다. 일단 이 복잡한 구조, 이해하기 어려운 구조에서 제가 꼽고 싶은 것은 인지적이고 기술적인 부분이었습니다. “잘하는 공부”라는 블랙박스를 한 꺼풀 벗겨내서 맛보이고 싶은 심정이었습니다. 그 핵심적인 요소들 세 가지를, 드디어 말해보겠습니다! 첫째로 공부를 잘하는 사람들은 인지부하를 잘 줄입니다. 많은 사람들이 사람의 감정이나 정보처리 능력이 무한하다고 믿습니다. 하지만 대부분의 심리학 연구들은 정확히 반대의 경우를 지지합니다. 공부를 하기 위해서는 기존에 가지고 있던 지식에 다른 지식을 잘 접붙여서 튼튼한 구조로 공고화(consolidation)시키는 게 중요한 데, 여기에서 큰 역할을 하는 게 작업기억(working memory)입니다. 마치 컴퓨터로 따지면 RAM과 같은 기능을 하는 이 녀석은 가장 직접적이고 빠른 정보처리 도구라고 이해하면 됩니다. 바로 이 작업기억도 용량이 한계가 있다고 말하는 이론이 [인지부하(Cognitive Load) 이론]입니다. 학습에 필요한 용량이라 생각해도 됩니다. 공부를 할 때 져야하는 인지부하는 세 가지 종류로 나뉘는 데.. 정말 간단히 말하면 본질적으로 필요한 용량은 당연히 유지하되, 불필요한 용량은 줄여야 합니다. 공부를 잘하는 친구들은 귀신같이 지금 필요한 용량을 계산해내고, 불필요한 용량을 굳이 학습하지 않습니다. 대학에서 시험을 오픈북으로 치거나, 중고교 수학에 계산기를 사용하자는 게 이런 맥락에서 나오는 이야기라고 할 수 있지요. 하지만 동시에 우리가 지식을 기억하기 위해서는 적절하게 자극이 주어져야 합니다. 그렇지 않으면 머릿속에 남지 않는다는 거죠. 이것이 바로 [기억의 처리 수준 이론(level of processiong)]입니다. 운동을 할 때 근육에 적절한 자극을 주어야 한다는 원리와 똑같습니다. 그렇다면 어떤 자극이 머릿속에 잘 남을까요? 선답형보다는 머릿 속에서 모든 지식을 꺼내야 하는 방식이 우선 잘 남을 것입니다. 자극의 종류로 따지면 물리적인 모양보다는 소리 자극(눈으로 전화번호를 보는것보다 입으로 따라하며 외우기)이, 단순한 소리보다는 의미가 담긴 자극(암송보다는 뜻과 흐름을 파악하기), 특히 나 자신의 자아와 관련된 의미가, 그리고 무엇보다도 생존에 관련된 자극이 훨씬 기억에 잘 남는다고 합니다. 괜히 많은 게임이론과 스토리텔링이론이 ‘원초적인 설정’으로 몰입을 유도하라고 하는 게 아니지요. 물론 처리수준을 높이겠다고 쓸모없는 인지부하를 높이게 되는 딜레마도 존재합니다. 예를 들어서 아주 효율적인 기억법인 시각 연상 기억법은 쓸데 없는 정보의 양도 늘리게 되죠. 이런 때에 중요한 게 요즘 유행하는 [메타인지(Meta cognition) 능력]인 것 같습니다. 제 나름대로 말하자면 메타인지란 지식 자체를 아는 게 아니라, 지식을 다루는 자신의 능력을 안다고 할 수 있겠습니다. 이 세가지 능력을 조합하면 공부를 잘하는 사람들의 일상이 좀 더 정확히 보이는 것 같습니다. 공부를 잘하는 이들은 필요 없는 용량은 줄이면서도, 필요 있는 자극을 자기 자신에게 능숙합니다. 그런 사람들을 잘 보면 종류와 방식은 달라도 상당히 많은 기술(skills)을 가지고 있다는 느낌을 받게 됩니다. 학습내용을 매핑해서 전체적인 지식의 구조를 파악해낸다던지(전체 지식을 한 번 더 의미있는 기억으로 묶어내기), 서로 문제를 낸다던지(self 수준에서 정보처리/예상치 못한 문제로 머리의 부하 늘리기), 과목의 특성과 문제 유형을 잘 구분한다던지(필요한 인지부하와 필요없는 인지부하 구분) 합니다. 또 하나 예를 들자면, 적당히 공부를 잘했던 저는 고등학교 시절 대부분의 과목 내신에서 어떻게 해야 100점을 맞을 수 있을지 “100점각”을 세울 수 있었습니다. 이를 위해서 수업시간에 어느 정도로 주의집중을 해야 하며, 숙제는 언제 해야 하고, 복습은 며칠 주기로 해야 제 머리에 남으며 등등이 습관과 지식으로 베어있었죠. 더 똑똑한 친구들도 많았고 더 세련된 방식을 개발한 친구들도 많아서 저를 좌절하게 하긴 했지만요. 물론 이런 기술을 익힌다고 무조건 공부를 잘하게 되는 건 아닙니다. 어떤 부분이 적성에 맞지 못하면 같은 과목을 들어도 이해를 못하기에 낙담을 할 수도 있죠. 공부에 강한 사람이 실무에 약한 ‘고문관’이 되는 이야기도 아주 흔하구요. 하지만 적어도 공부를 잘하는 사람들의 모습이 어떤 신비로운 힘을 지닌 이들이라기 보다는, 옆에서 관찰해본 결과 인지적 기술에 능숙하고, 잘 다루는 이들이란 이미지를 느끼게 되었습니다. 제가 느꼈던 이런 이미지가 조금이라도 전달되었기를 바라면서 똑똑한 홍차넷 분들 앞에서 호다닥 글을 닫겠습니다 ㅜㅜ 참고자료 1.Believing You Can Get Smarter Makes You Smarter https://www.apa.org/research/action/smarter.aspx 2.정보는 간결하게, 생각은 깊게(인지과학으로 푸는 공부의 비밀) http://scienceon.hani.co.kr/34565 3.인지부하 https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%A7%80_%EB%B6%80%ED%95%98 4.써먹는 심리학 3편, 처리수준 이론 https://brunch.co.kr/@jmg5308/3 Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 133 Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 146 Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 161 9
이 게시판에 등록된 Iwanna님의 최근 게시물
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Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 142
18/12/28 22:38
119109>삭제 주소복사
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 150
공부하다 째고 홍차넷에서 공부법에 대한 글을 읽으니 개꿀인 것입니다.
재밌게 읽고 가요~
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
5
재밌게 읽고 가요~
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
5
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