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홍차넷
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티타임
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- 다양한 주제에 대해 자유롭게 글을 작성하는 게시판입니다.
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전체기타일상/생각꿀팁/강좌방송/연예도서/문학영화의료/건강문화/예술경제생활체육과학/기술철학/종교정치요리/음식역사여행육아/가정IT/컴퓨터음악창작게임스포츠사회오프모임
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| Date |
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| Name | Event Horizon |
| Subject | 양자역학 의식의 흐름: 더 퍼스트 어벤져 |
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지난 몇일간 이 글을 쓸까 말까 많은 고민을 하다가 쓰기 시작합니다. 왜 쓰냐고요? 시험공부는 하기 싫었고, 그렇다고 아예 티비보고 게임하며 놀자니 그건 너무 양심에 걸려서 공부하는척 딴짓을 하다가 여기까지 왔네요 ㅋㅋ 저는 현재 공돌이입니다. 제 기억에도 그렇고, 제 부모님에게 여쭈어봐도 그렇고 저는 언제나 과학자/발명가가 꿈이였습니다. 파브르, 아인슈타인, 에디슨, 장영실의 위인전이 제가 어렷을적 가장 좋아했던 위인전이였고, 유치원 다닐때 버려진 컴퓨터 모니터 분해하다가 안에 진공관 같은걸 터뜨리기도하고, 제가 어렷을적 일주일중 가장 좋아했던 날은 과학나라였나 집에 선생님이 오셔서 과학실험 실습세트를 가져와서 각종 실험을하는 날이였습니다. 어찌되었든 어렷을적부터 지금 20대후반까지 쭈욱 과학/공학의 길을 달려왔지만 대학을 다니면서 한가지 의문이 생겼습니다. 당시에도 지금과 마찬가지로 시험공부를 하기가 싫어서 딴 생각을하고 있었죠. "내 우상(이라 쓰고 원수라고 읽는) 이 인간들은 도대체 뭔 생각을 하다가 이런 생각을 해낸거지?" 뉴턴, 다윈, 맥스웰, 아인슈타인등의 거인들이 어떠한 발견을 해내었는지는 배웠지만, 이 사람들이 왜 이 문제들을 답해야했고, 어떻게 이 문제들을 접근했는지는 배우지 못했거든요. 하지만 전 물리기말이 당장 내일아침이라는 현실과 타협해야만했습니다. 그래서 저 질문은 잠시 묻어두었지만, 계속 공부를 해나가며 비슷한 질문이 머리에서 맴돌았고, 지금 다시 큰 시험을 앞두고서 조금이나마 저 부분을 해소하고자 직접 제가 관심이있는 분야의 역사를 찾아보았습니다 (위키피디아 만세!). 사실 정보는 다 있더군요, 그냥 제가 원하는 형태로 한자리에 모여있지 않을뿐이였던거죠. 제가 관심있어하는 물리학은 양자역학입니다. Quantum Mechanics 쿠오오오오오오... 근대 물리학의 거장들은 본인들이 좋으나 싫으나 양자역학에서 땔수가 없고, 우리가 현대에 이용하는 기술은 거의 모두 직간접적으로 양자역학의 영향을 받고있죠. 하지만 양자역학은 동시에 물리학자들도 이해 못하고, 우리가 아는 세상의 이치가 토용되지 않는다는 학문이죠. 그렇다면 "19세기말, 20세기 초에 도대체 무슨일이있었길래 이런 엄청난 인식의 변환이있었던거지?"라는 질문을 하게되더라구요. 이 질문을 답하기 위해 저는 양자역학의 퍼스트 어벤져를 찾기로했습니다. 모든일이 그러하듯 시작점을 명확하게 짚는건 아주 힘든일이더라구요. 하지만 이야기는 어딘가에서 시작을 해야하고 우리의 퍼스트 어벤져를 이해하기 위해서 저는 일단 1859년부터 이야기를 시작하고 싶습니다. 역시나 세기말은 혼란스러워야 제맛인지, 1800년대 후반 물리학계는 큰 난제에 시달리고있었습니다. 1859년 독일의 키르히호프가 풀리지 않는 질문을 던졋기 때문이죠. 그 질문은 의외로 간단했습니다.  "저 위의 그래프를 설명하는 수식을 찾아라!" 였던거죠. "저 그래프가 도대체 뭣이여..."라고 생각하시는 분이 지금 계신다면 그건 당연한겁니다. 저도 수업시간에 처음 보고서 "뭐 어쩌라고..."라고 생각했거든요. 위의 그래프는 '흑체복사'를(Black body radiation) 설명하고있습니다. 흑체복사는 주어진 빛을 '흑체'가 완전히 흡수했다가 재방출하는것을 말합니다. 그리고 위의 그래프는 흑체들이 어떤 색의 빛을 어떠한 강도로 재방출하는지 보여주는거죠. 키르히호프는 예상과 달리 흑체가 재방출하는 빛의 성질은 흑체를 구성하는 물질이나, 흑체의 크기, 또는 형체에 영향을 전혀 받지 않고, 오로지 흑체의 '온도'에 따라서만 변하는 것을 관측했죠. 그게 위 그래프의 빨강, 초록, 파랑 선들이죠. 적외선쪽에서는 재방출되는 빛의 양이 적고 (그래프의 오른쪽), 가시광선이랑 자외선쪽으로 오면 짱짱하게 빛이 나는 거였죠 (그래프의 왼쪽). 우주에 완벽한 흑체는 존재하지 않지만, 별들의 색깔로부터 별의 온도를 유추해내는데에 이 '흑체복사'의 수식을 사용합니다. 문제는 1859년에는 저 현상을 정확하게 표현할수있는 수식과 이론이 존재하지 않았습니다. 1860년대에는 물론이고 1870년대에도 이 문제는 풀리지 않았지만, 답의 필요성은 더욱더 부각됩니다. 라이트형제의 첫 비행이 1903년이였는데 당시 별의 색과 온도가 뭐가 중요하겠습니까... 하지만 1879년 우리의 원조 노오오력충이 어마어마한 일을 저지르고 말죠. 1879년 토마스 에디슨이 상용화가 가능한 전구를 발명합니다. 그리고 곧 더 좋은 전구를 만들기 위해서는 저 현상을 정확하게 이해할 필요가있다는 사실이 자명해집니다. 가시광선의 영역에서 빛을 짱짱 잘내는 법을 알아야 더 싸고 더 밝은 전구를 만들수있을테니까요. 그리하여 저 현상을 설명해보고자 나온 그래프가 Classical Theory라고 써있는 저 검은 그래프입니다. 1800년대 초중반부터 발전해와서 1870년대 열역학의 거장인 볼츠만이 정리한 '등분배정리'라는 강력크한 이론을 광학의 거장인 레일레이가 진스와 함께 빛에 적용해서, "온도에 따른 빛의 에너지 변화는 이래야한다!"라는 수식을 1900년에 발표합니다. 하지만 보시다시피 검은선과 파란선은 완.전. 다르죠 (이누야사의 뇌수 형제급... 요즘 학교 시험 문제에 저런 그래프 그리면... '자네 지금 이걸 답이라고 써온건가?'). 등분배정리의 적용이 이해가 안가는 것은 아닙니다. 1800년대 중후반에 각종 물체의 에너지와 관련된 문제를 푸는데 중추적인 역할을 한 이론이였으니까요. 하지만 여기에서 적용되기에는 부적합한 이론이였고 가시광선과 자외선 영역으로 갈수록 레일레이의 이론과 실험 결과의 차이가 커지는 이 문제는 무려 '자외선 파탄'(Ultraviolet Catastrophe)이라는 파괴적인 이름을 얻게됩니다. 하지만 영웅은 난세에 등장하는 법. 1900년에 베를린에 우리의 퍼스트 어벤져가 있었습니다.  (역시 20세기 물리학자의 간지는 콧수염에서 오는것!). 수업시간에 노트를 하나도 사용하지 않고, 수업중 학생들이 쓰러져도 눈하나 까딱하지 않고, 한토씨도 틀리지 않는 당대 최고의 물리학 강의를 한다던 베를린 대학의 교수 막스 플랑크가 바로 우리의 퍼스트 어벤져입니다 (퍼스트 어번져가 인간미 없는 독일인이라니... 하일 읍읍!!). 플랑크는 1894년 더 좋은 전구를 만들고 싶었던 전기회사들로부터 자외선 파탄 문제를 풀어달라고 접근을 받았고 그즈음부터 문제 풀이를 고민하기 시작했다고합니다 (역시 예나 지금이나 뭐니뭐니해도 머니가 진리입니다 $$$). 그리고 1900년 10월에 첫번째 수식을 발표합니다. 그리고 이 수식은 우리가 위에 보았던 파란색 그래프를 완벽하게 표현해낼었죠! 하지만 본인의 수식이 실험 결과를 완벽하게 표현해냈지만, 물리학 본질적인 의미를 지니지 못하고있다는 약점을 개선하기 위해 플랑크는 본인이 처음에 의도적으로 피했던 통계역학을 사용합니다. 통계역학은 볼츠만이 1877년에 열역학 제2법칙의 통계적 풀이를 위해 정립한 개념으로 너무 새로운 개념이라 플랑크가 거부감을 지니고있었다고합니다. 하지만 퍼스트 어벤져에게 본인의 불편함보다 중요한건 정의와 진리죠! 그리하여 플랑크는 통계역학을 기반으로한 새로운 수식을 1900년 11월 수정해서 발표하고 이는 현대까지 사용되고있습니다. 1858년에 처음으로 관측되고 제기되었던 문제가 무려 42년만에 풀리게된거죠. 물리학계는 축제의 분위기였습니다. 문제를 처음 제기한 키르히호프는 이 문제를 두고 "(19세기말의) 현대물리학이 직면한 가장 중요한 문제"라고 이 문제를 표현하기도했다고하니까요.  이게 그 역사적인 플랑크 수식의 한 형태입니다. 이 글을 여기까지 읽은 끈기의 용자분들께서는 지금쯤 한가지 질문을 던지고 계신 분들이 존재하실거라고 생각합니다. "오 그래요 플랑크 짱짱맨. 근데... 이게 양자역학이랑 뭔 상관임??" 글을 여기까지 읽으셧으니 당연히 보답을 해드려야죠. 저 위의 수식에 양자역학의 근간이 되는 알파벳 한쌍이 존재합니다, 그리고 이로 시작된 연구들로 인해서 플랑크는 1918년 양자역학의 시작에 기여한 공로를 인정받어 노벨 물리학상을 받게되고요. 하지만 그 이야기를 제대로 풀기위해서는 당시 다른 난제와 함께 한 사람을 더 소개해야만합니다. 1900년 플랑크의 수식이 발표 되었을 당시 학교를 졸업하고 취직이 안되서 스트레스 받던 한 젊은이가 필요하죠. 당시에는 그저 백수였지만 알고보니 D의 의지를 지닌 인류 역사상 최고의 월급 루팡이였던 그 남자. 그 남자의 이야기는 다음에 소개하도록 하겠습니다. 추신: 이야기의 길이와 흐름을 위해서 간추리거나 각색한 내용들이 존재한다고 미리 알려드립니다. 예를 들어서 흑체복사의 문제가 정말 처음으로 관측된건 1858년 스튜어트에 의해서라고합니다. 하지만 1859년 키르히호프는 스튜어트의 연구를 모르는 상태에서 개별적으로 같은 결과를 얻었고, 키르히호프의 실험과 해설이 스튜어트보다 더 자세해서 보통 스튜어트보다 키르히호프를 이 문제의 시작점으로 보는것 같습니다. 추신2: 제가 플랑크에게 히드라 드립을 쳤지만 플랑크는 나치에 반대하던 과학자 중 한명이였다고합니다. 다른 과학자들과는 달리 독일을 떠나지 않았지만, 독일내에서 히틀러의 정책에 참여하지 않고, 독일을 떠나지 못한 유대인 과학자들을 보호하려했다고합니다. 그의 둘째아들은 무려 1944년 히틀러 암살계획의 참가자였고, 그로 인해서 처형 당하는데 당시 이미 80대 후반이였던 막스 플랑크는 그 사건으로 큰 충격을 받아 삶에 대한 의지를 많이 잃었다고하고 실제로 1947년에 타계합니다. 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이 게시판에 등록된 Event Horizon님의 최근 게시물
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Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 142
16/09/16 12:29
53943>삭제 주소복사
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 150
그러니까 플랑크 때문에 제 화학점수가...
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
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