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홍차넷
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티타임
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- 다양한 주제에 대해 자유롭게 글을 작성하는 게시판입니다.
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전체기타일상/생각꿀팁/강좌방송/연예도서/문학영화의료/건강문화/예술경제생활체육과학/기술철학/종교정치요리/음식역사여행육아/가정IT/컴퓨터음악창작게임스포츠사회오프모임
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| Date |
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| Name | 새의선물 |
| Subject | 미국 대입 잡답 6 - 토지 공여 대학 |
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미국 고등교육 특히나 공립대학에 대한 이야기를 할때면 역사적으로 빠질 수 없는 것중에 하나가 Land Grant University(토지 공여 대학)이라고 불리우는 학교들입니다. 초기 미국의 고등교육, 그러니까 대학 교육은 식민지 시절 설립된 10여개의 사립대로 시작을 했습니다. 그 중에서 7개는 현재 아이비리그의 학교들입니다. 현재 아이비리그 학교중에 코넬은 나중에 설립된 학교고, 원래 아이비리그에 속해있던 럿거스는 재정문제로 주립대로 전환하면서 아이비리그에서 탈퇴합니다. 미국에서 두번째로 세워진 사립대학인 윌리암 & 매리와 같은 학교도 사립인 상태로 오다가 1900년대 들어와서 재정문제로 결국 공립으로 전환을 하지만 식민지시절 세워진 학교들은 아직도 대부분 대부분 사립으로 남아 있습니다. 공립학교의 시작은 조지아주 의회가 주에 공립대학을 설립할것을 결정한것에서 시작을 합니다. 학생을 제일 먼저 받아들인 공립대학으로는 노스 캐롤리나여서 채플 힐에 위치한 노스 캐롤리나 대학이 미국내 공립대학중에서 처음으로 학생을 받아들인 대학으로 알려져 있습니다. 그 외 버지니아에 세워진 버지니아 주립대와 같은 학교들도 오래된 학교들로, 공립대중 명문으로 꼽히는 학교들에 속합니다. 미국 초기 대학에서 가르치던 학문들은 대체로 Liberal Arts(인문학과 자연과학)로 분류되는 학문들이 중심이었는데, 팽창하고 있는 국가와 더불어 통업과 기계를 다루는 능력의 필요성들이 증가하면서 미국내에서 이런 학문을 가르쳐야 할 필요성이 증가하게 됩니다. 다른 한편으로는 주의 재정이 풍부한 경우에는 자체적으로 대학을 설립하고 이런 종류의 학문을 가르치면 되는데, 새로 생겨나는 주도 당시에는 많았고, 또 주의 재정이 풍부하지 않은 경우도 많아서 과연 어떻게 미국내 일반시민들에게 고등교육을 제공할 것인가 하는 문제가 대두하게 되었습니다. 이것을 해결하기 위한 방안으로 만들어진 법안이 당시 버몬트 의원이었던 모렐이 입안해서 1862년에 만들어진 법안입니다. 그리고 이 법에 의해서 만들어진 학교들을 Land Grant University라고 부릅니다. 이 대학의 설립은 다음과 같습니다. 그러니까 연방정부에서 소유하고 있는 땅의 일부를 각 주에 넘겨주면 각 주에서는 그 땅을 매각하던가 해서 재원을 마련한 다음에 그 재원으로 대학을 설립하도록 한다는 것입니다. 그리고 그 대학들은 주로 농업과 기계쪽을 가르치는 학교중심으로 만든다는 것입니다. 이 법안은 나중에 성립된 주에도 전부 적용이 되어서 미국내 50개에 전부 이런 토지공여대학이 설립되었습니다. A&M이라는게 들어간 학교(예를들어 Texas A&M University)는 거의 대부분이 이 법안에 의해서 새로 설립된 대학입니다. 이렇게 해서 만들어진 대학들이 106개가 있는데, 이 대학들의 대부분은 주립대로 전환을 해서 미국내 공립대학의 근원을 이루게 되었습니다. 물론 초기 농업과 기계를 비롯한 공대중심의 학교들이 이후 팽창하는 과정에서 문리대로 확장하는 과정을 거치면서 종합대학으로의 모습으로 변화하게 됩니다. 토지공여대학중에서 현재 사립대학으로 남아있는 학교들은 세개가 있는데, University of Delaware, MIT, 그리고 코넬입니다. 토지공여대학이 사립으로 남을 수 있는것은 법안에서 제공한 재원을 새로운 학교를 세워야한다고 되어있지 않아서 가능했습니다. 당연한 이야기지만, 일부 주에서 공여된 토지를 매각해서 만들어진 재원으로 완전히 새로운 학교를 짓는게 효율적이지 않다고 생각하는 곳들이 있었습니다. 그런 곳에서는 새로 마련된 재원으로 이미 존재하던 사립대를 사거나 아니면 사립대와 계약을 맺어서 단과대학을 만든후에 그 대학은 공립처럼 운영을 하곤 했습니다. 많은 학교는 이 과정에 공립으로 전환을 했지만, 일부는 그대로 사립으로 남아 있는것이고요. 코넬같은 곳은 아직도 이것이 강하게 남아있어서 코넬 단과대중 반정도는 Statutary College 혹은 Contract College라고 해서 뉴욕주의 지원을 받는 단과대고 반정도는 Endowment College라고 해서는 사립으로 남아있습니다. 그래서 두 대학사이의 학비가 다릅니다. 물론 뉴욕주민의 경우에만... 예일대학과 같은 경우에는 코넷티컷주에서 예일에 의뢰해서 농대를 만들었는데, 학교에서 요구하는 학생들의 학력이 너무 높다고 판단해서 20세기 들어오면서 코넷티컷 주립대를 만들면서 예일에서 농대를 빼게 됩니다. 그 외 남부주에서는 당시 분리정책을 시행중이어서 주정부에서 제공한 자원으로 대학을 지을때 과연 흑인을 받아들여야 하는가 하는게 문제가 되었습니다. 결국에 타협을 한 것은 각 주에서 재원을 적절하게 분배해서 하나의 토지공여대학에 대응하는 하나의 흑인대학을 만든다면 괜찮다는 조항을 넣어줍니다. 이렇게해서 남부에서는 토지공여대학이 만들어질때마다 흑인들을 위한 대학들이 하나씩 만들어지게 됩니다. 이렇게 만들어진 대학들은 미국 남북전쟁무렵부터 만들어진 흑인대학들과 함께 Historically Black College and University(HBCU)를 형성하는데 큰 부분을 차지합니다. 우리가 미국에 있는 대학을 생각하면 처음 떠오르는 대학들은 주로 사립대학들이고, 미국에서도 엘리트 사립대학들은 선망의 대상이기는 하지만, 이런 사립대학의 숫자는 얼마 안되고, 대부분의 미국민들에게 고등교육을 적절한 비용으로 제공하는 학교는 주로 공립대학에서 담당을 하고 있습니다. Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 133 Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 146 Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 161 0 이 게시판에 등록된 새의선물님의 최근 게시물
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Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 600
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 605
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 605
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 609
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 609
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 614
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 616
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 618
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 618
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 612
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 612
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 620
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 628
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 628
Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 640
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 644
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 646
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 646
Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/cmt_replace.php on line 3
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 6
Warning: Use of undefined constant file_name - assumed 'file_name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 28
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 65
24987 class="iamcmt" style="display:none;"> Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 66
24987 class='vcm '>
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 70
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 71
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 76
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 117
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 118
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 119
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 120
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 121
24987'> Beer Inside
Warning: Use of undefined constant mod_date - assumed 'mod_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 133
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 142
15/12/11 13:00
24987>삭제 주소복사
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 150
역사란 재미있군요.
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
24987>
24987>
