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홍차넷
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티타임
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- 다양한 주제에 대해 자유롭게 글을 작성하는 게시판입니다.
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전체기타일상/생각꿀팁/강좌방송/연예도서/문학영화의료/건강문화/예술경제생활체육과학/기술철학/종교정치요리/음식역사여행육아/가정IT/컴퓨터음악창작게임스포츠사회오프모임
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| Date |
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| Name | 히하홓 |
| File #1 | 1629774543.jpg (56.6 KB), Download : 55 |
| Subject | 서양 사학자 평가한 촉한 |
 이미지는 ⊙후한대에만 존재하는 현 ▲ 서진 시대 새로 생긴 현(즉 촉,오가 새로 만든 현) ● 후한, 서진 시대 둘다 존재하던 현 이라고 합니다 ---------------------------------------------- 촉한의 항복 당시, 촉한의 인구는 28만 가구, 인구 94만명, 관리 4만, 10만 2천의 군사(under arms)로 이루어진다고 보고 되었습니다.후한 시절 익주의 등록된 인구는 725만명이었고, 성도 근방의 3군만으로도 57만가구, 225만 인구보다 많았았습니다. 20여년 후의 세금 평가 수치를 보존하고 있는 진서 지리지(Treatise of Geography of the jin shu)에서는 지역의 가구를 3백만을 겨우 넘는 것으로 나타내고 있습니다. 이것은 촉한의 기록과도 양립합니다. 이것은 실질적으로 주에 거주하는 사람의 숫자의 감소보다는 세금 쿼터 시스템을 명백하게 암시합니다. 이 시대의 정부는 한나라 때의 지역 행정관이 가졌던 동일한 수준의 수준을 유지할 수 없었습니다. 명목 인구의 감소는 분열된 제국 전체에서 거의 같았습니다. 반면에, 비록 오나라는 한나라의 전통을 반복하려는(might echo the traditions of Han) 정부의 구성을 확립하려는 몇번의 시도를 해왔지만. 촉한은 가장 기본적인 민간 행정 이상은 가지지 못했던 것으로 보인다.(Shu-Han appears to have had no more than the most basic civiladministration.) 제갈량의 죽음으로, 승상부은 사라졌다.(the office of Chancellor came to an end.) 장완은 자신의 선임자(역주:제갈량)의 역할을 대사마직으로 장악했고, 성도 정부의 수반인 비의은 대장군-녹상서사와 익주목이었습니다. 장완의 죽음 후, 비의는 군사 작전본부 한중으로 이동했고, 강유 역시 북쪽의 지휘권과 함께 녹상서사가 되었습니다. 즉 국가의 선임 관리는 군사 직을 확보 있었고 주기적으로 전쟁에서 교전했습니다. 반면 성도의 문관적 문제들(civilian matters)은 유선과 그의 총신들의 손에 있었습니다.(while civilian matters at Chengdu were in the hands of Liu Shan and his favourites.) 이러한 상황에서 촉한의 행정은 군벌 정권의 그것이었습니다(that of a warlord regime), 신병 모집, 군대의 보급에 집중하면서 족장의 개인적 관심 위에 있었습니다.(with emphasis on the recruitment and supply of troops and on the personal interests of the chieftain)물론 일을 돕기위한 사무직 관료도 있었습니다. 그러나 장기적 계획과 발전을 위한 정부는 아니었습니다. 이러한 제한의 결과는 촉한 정부와 남쪽의 땅들(역주: 남만)의 관계에서도 볼 수 있습니다. 유비가 214년 성도의 권력을 장악할 때, 유비의 남쪽 영토를 관리하기 위하여 지역적 관청 내향(庲降)을 설립했습니다. 그리고 220년대 중반 제갈량의 군사원정은 맹획이 이끄는 비중국인 동맹을 파괴했습니다. 아래 단락은 오역 가능성 높음 그러나, 정착지들은 제갈량에게 패배한 부족에게 세금을 부과했음이 관찰됩니다. 제갈량은 다른 권위의 상징과 인장의 파워를 확인하면서, 부족의 원주민 리더들을 계속 콘트롤하기 위해서 사람을 남겼습니다. (It should be observed, however, that the settlement imposed on the defeated tribes by Zhuge liang left the people under the continuing control of their native leaders, confirming that power with seals and other emblems of authority.) 공식적인 측면에서 그들은 촉한의 신하였지만. 기록은 남쪽 군들에서 여러번의 후대 반란을 언급합니다. 비록 큰 어려움없이 지배권에 백성들이 들어왔지만(although the people were brought under control without great difficulty), 그들은 국가의 자원을 현저하게 더하지는 못했습니다.(they did not add notably to the resources of the state.) 이러한 측면에서 우리는 촉한의 정책과 오나라의 정책을 대조할 수 있습니다. 오나라는 최초의 정복에 다음에 확고한 식민지 건설, 지역 control의 새로운 단위의 확립이 뒷따랐습니다. (where initial conquest was followed by firm colonization and the establishment of new units for local control.) 그 결과 150년의 차이가 나는 후한의 인구 센서스와 진나라의 등록치에서 오나라 영토의 카운티(counties 역주: 행정구역?)의 숫자는 2배가 되었습니다.(while the number of counties in the territory of Wu doubled during the century and a half between the census of Later Han and the register of lin) 촉한의 영토에서는 그저 20퍼센트의 순증가가 있었으며 실질적인 발전 프로그램이 없었습니다. (in the territory of Shu-Han there was a net gain of just twenty per cent, and there was no real programme of development) 요컨데, 손권이 양쯔강 중앙에서 자신의 지배력를 확인할 때, 촉한의 유일한 확장 지역은 북방과 남방을 향했습니다. 남방으로 제갈량과 그의 후계자들의 정부는 general authority(일반적 권위?)으로 그들 스스로 만족했다.(the government of Zhuge liang and his successors contented themselves with a general authOrity) 그러나 그들은 그들이 습득한 인적, 물적자원을 발전시키지 않았습니다.(but they did not develop the human and material resources they had acquired.) 대신에 그들은 그들의 노력을 북방에 집중했고, 헛된 공격 속에서 그들의 제한된 힘을 기진맥진하게 만들었습니다. (they concentrated their efforts on the north and exhausted their limited strength in futile aggression.) 촉한은 지방 국가의 군벌적 사업체로 여겨집니다. (ShuHan was founded as a warlord enterprise in a provincial state) 촉한은 그것 이상이 결코 되지 않았습니다.(it never became anything more.) 출처 The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A History of China in the Third Century AD - I ----- B.A. Honours History Cambridge (1957) M.A. History Cambridge (1961) B.A. Honours Chinese ANU (1962) M.A. Oriental Studies Honours ANU (1964) PhD Far Eastern History ANU (1968) 삼국지 토탈워 자문까지 맡으셨던 서구 사학계에서 제일유명한 후한,삼국지 전문 학자라고 하시네요 60년대에 오나라의 남방 개척으로 박사학위 받으셨다구.. Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 133 Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 146 Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 161 2
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161755 class="iamcmt" style="display:none;"> Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 66
161755 class='vcm '>
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Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 71
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 76
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 117
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 118
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 119
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 120
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 121
161755'> moqq
Warning: Use of undefined constant mod_date - assumed 'mod_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 133
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 142
21/08/24 12:40
161755>삭제 주소복사
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 150
후한시절 익주 인구 725만이 촉한 항복당시 94만이 되었다구요..??!!
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
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