Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 278
홍차넷
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 34
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 45
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 47
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 51
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 237
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 34
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 45
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 47
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 51
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 237
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/zero_header.php on line 269
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/zero_header.php on line 300
Warning: Use of undefined constant title - assumed 'title' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/bbs_title.php on line 16
추천
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/bbs_title.php on line 21
Warning: Use of undefined constant header - assumed 'header' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/bbs_title.php on line 31
- 회원들이 추천해주신 좋은 글들을 따로 모아놓는 공간입니다.
- 추천글은 매주 자문단의 투표로 선정됩니다.
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_formmail - assumed 'use_formmail' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 519
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_category - assumed 'use_category' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/include/print_category.php on line 9
전체기타일상/생각꿀팁/강좌게임문학영화의료/건강문화/예술경제체육/스포츠과학철학/종교정치/사회요리/음식역사여행IT/컴퓨터음악창작사진
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/setup.php on line 29
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/setup.php on line 41
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 398
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 2
Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/memo_replace.php on line 3
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 10
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_category - assumed 'use_category' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 40
| Date |
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 53 20/07/27 17:59:17 Warning: Use of undefined constant mod_date - assumed 'mod_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 56 |
| Name | 코리몬테아스 |
| Subject | 1911년 영국 상원의 탄생 |
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탐라에 쓰다가 너무 길어져서 ㅋㅋ.. 원래 탐라용 글이었으니까 이해하고 봐주세요. 영국에서 국민이 직접 선거를 통해 구성한 기구가 아니라는 이유로 상원조차 세금, 기금 등 돈과 관련된 사안을 다룰 수 없도록 규정한 것이 1911년의 일이다. ------------------------------------------ 뉴게에 올라온 칼럼에서 인상적이었던 부분. 정외과 교수가 세금을 공동체를 위한 '희생'이라고 표현하다니 의외네 하면서 읽다가 ㅋㅋ 영국 사례를 소개하는 부분이 눈에 밟혔어요. 역사속에서 일어난 사건의 뉘앙스는 칼럼에서 인용된 것과는 살짝 다르거든요. 그리고 어떻게 보면 부적절한 사례인용일지도 모르고요. 1909년 자유당 정부의 재무장관 데이비드 로이드 조지는 고민에 빠집니다. 커져가는 독일의 위협에 대항하여 더 많은 전함들을 건조할 예산이 필요했고, 이는 필연적으로 세제개혁을 동반해야했어요. 그러나 급진적인 세제 개혁은 당내 반대는 물론, 06년 선거에서는 참패했으나 여전히 의회내에서 영향력을 발휘하던 보수당의 비토를 뚫기 어려워 보였어요. 게다가 상원의 다수당은 보수당이었고요. 이 때 데이비드와 그의 동료이자 라이벌이었던 윈스턴 처칠은 꾀를 내어, 세제개혁을 '빈곤과의 전쟁을 위한 예산'이라고 소개했어요. 그래서 세제 개혁안 이름도 'People's budget'. 아주 거짓말은 아니에요. 어쨌든 전쟁을 위한 증액이긴 했으니까. 그 내용은 아주 급진적이어서, 부동산 가치의 20%나 되는 토지양도세의 신설, 고소득자 증세를 위한 증세구간 신설, 초고소득자에 대한 슈퍼 택스, 상속세 증세가 담겨있었어요. 이 개혁안은 하원을 통과했지만 상원에서 부결되죠. 여기서 부결은 아주 의미있었어요. 상원은 언제나 법안과 조세계획안에 대해 반대할 전통적 권리를 가지고 있었지만, 명예혁명 후, 현대적인 의회제가 시작된 이래 상원은 200년동안 예산안과 세금개혁안에 대해 반대를 하지 않았었어요. 그러다 19세기 중반, 신문세 철회에 최초로 거부권을 행사했죠. 그 이후 하원은 상원에 재정법(Financial bill)의 형태로 매년 예산과 세금 계획을 짜 보냈고 People's budget 이전까지 상원은 저 법안들을 부결시키지 않았죠. 이런 정치적 관례를 깨는 것에 상원도 부담을 느꼈고, 예산을 반대하면서도 '다음 회기에 의결정족수 채워오면 통과시켜줄꺼임'하며 조건을 달았죠. 사실, 이 상원에서의 부결은 자유당이 예상한 시나리오였어요. 오히려 이 법안을 부결시키길 바라며 전 당수였던 로즈베리경까지 출동해 '사회주의적 개혁'이라는 이름으로 홍보해 보수당과 상원을 자극했죠. 결국 이 부결을 동력으로 삼아 자유당은 총선거를 다시 한 번 실시해요. '민중을 위한 예산'을 통과시키기 위해서. 보수당, 나아가 보수당의 보루인 상원을 무력화시킬 심산이었죠. 그런데 1910년 1월, People's budget을 의제로 의회를 해산한 뒤 다시 치른 총선에서 충격적인 결과가 나와요. 자유당은 123석을 잃고, 보수당은 116석을 얻으며 두 당의 의석차는 2석으로 좁혀짐! 게다가 자유당은 단독과반을 얻는 데 실패해서 아일랜드 의회당과 연정을 하죠. 이 때 자유당은 아일랜드 의회당이 염원하던 상원 무력화와 아일랜드 자치권 확대를 약속하며 People's budget을 통과시켜요. 상원은 약속대로 두 번째로 올라온 법안을 통과시키고요. 자유당은 이걸 기회삼아 대대적인 정치 캠페인을 일으켜요. 예산안 통과와 상원 개혁안 사이에 돌았던 구호는 이런거였어요. '운좋게 뽑힌 일하지 않는 500명이 땀흘려 일하는 수 백만의 선택을 번복해도 되는 겁니까?' 당시 자유당은 상원의 권한을 대폭 축소하는 개혁안을 만들어 올리지만, 당연히 상원에서는 부결. 그리고 1910년 12월, 자유당은 상원 무력화를 위한 법안개정을 목표로 의회를 해산하고 재선거를 실시해요. 그러나, 놀랍게도 자유당은 2석을 잃고, 보수당은 1석을 잃으며 두 당의 의석차는 단 1석으로 줄어들죠. 당시 자유당 의원 중 누구 한 명이라도 뭐 사고가 나서 의정활동을 못하게 되면 제1당의 지위가 날라가버리는 상황 ㅋㅋ.. People's budget에서 부터 상원 개혁안까지 선거결과로 보면 ㅋㅋ.. 자유당이 하고자 하는 일에 그다지 국민적 지지가 있다고 하기는 힘들지만.. 아무튼, 자유당은 상원 무력화는 국민의 뜻이라며 또 한 번 아일랜드 의회당과 연정을 하고 상원 개혁안을 밀어붙여요. 당시 자유당은 상원에서 법안이 부결되면 몇 번이고 의회를 해산하고 선거를 실시할 꺼라고 엄포를 놨었는데. 국왕 조지 5세는 그 상황을 두고 볼 수 없었어요. 그는 상원개혁안을 다음 회기에 올리면 국왕의 권한으로 상원의 반대를 무력화시킬 수 있을 만큼의 의원을 자유당을 위해 만들어주겠다고 약속했어요. 그렇게 1910년 12월 선거에서 단 1석차로 이기고, 그나마도 과반의석이 아니라 연정을 해야했던 자유당은 어쨌든 국왕을 압박해 약속받은 대로 상원의석을 얻었고 상원개혁안을 실시해요. 상원의 법안 거부권은 대폭 축소되며, 법안 심사를 연기함으로서 법안을 우회적으로 비토하는 방법도 해당 회기 안에 처리되어야 하는 것으로 명시됨. 이렇게 1911년, 현대적 의미의 영국 상원이 탄생함. 짝짝짝 자유당이 이렇게까지 무리하면서 상원개혁안을 밀어붙였던 이유는 무엇보다도 보수당을 끝장내기 위해서였어요. 간혹 총선에서 이기는 일이 있더라도 상원에서 정치적 동력을 쌓아 귀환해버리길 반복하는 상대는 너무 치사하잖아요? 그러나 상원 무력화 이후에 오히려 무너진 건 자유당이었죠. 상원개혁 후 불과 14년만에 자유당은 군소정당으로 몰락해버려요. 보수당의 적수라는 자리는 1900~1910년사이, 2석에서 40석으로 대약진한 노동당이 차지하죠. 그리고 이 때 데이비드 로이드와 함꼐 보수당 파멸을 계획했던 처칠은 24년 이후 보수당으로 당적을 옮겨 ㅋㅋ.. 영국 국부의 지위에 오름. ㅋㅋ... 처칠이 People's budget을 통과시키기 위해 했던 발언들을 살펴보면 거의 뭐 빨갱이 뺨쳐요. '주어진 토지로 일하지 않고 먹고사는 놈들로 부터 분배를 이룩하고 사회를 정의롭게 만들어야하지 않겠습니꽈~' ㅋㅋㅋㅋ 이 때는 시대정신이었던거임 ㅎㅎ ㅋㅋㅋ... 그냥 칼럼에서 한 줄 읽고 말이 여기까지 오게 되었네요. 결론은 우리나라의 부동산 증세를 비롯한 세금인상을 비판하기 위해 든 사례가 하필이면 ㅋㅋ 부동산 증세를 반대하다가 팔다리가 잘려버린 영국 상원의 이야기라서 좀 아이러니하다는 거였어요. 아 생각해보니까 그냥 대충 이 정도만 말하고 끝냈으면 되는 거였자너 ㅋㅋ... p.s 다 쓰고 읽어보니까 데이비드 로이드 조지가 진짜 마냥 전함을 위해서 국민한테 사기쳐서 예산을 땡겨온 거 처럼 썼네요. 데이비드 장관은 원래부터가 부의 분배와 빈곤퇴치에 관심이 많은 인물이었어요. 다만 당시 최대의 고민이 전함건조비용 조달이었던 것. * Cascade님에 의해서 티타임 게시판으로부터 게시물 복사되었습니다 (2020-08-11 18:32) * 관리사유 : 추천게시판으로 복사합니다. Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 133 Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 146 Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 161 6 이 게시판에 등록된 코리몬테아스님의 최근 게시물
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20881 class="iamcmt" style="display:none;"> Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 66
20881 class='vcm '>
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 70
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20881'> 기아트윈스
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20/07/27 22:06
20881>삭제 주소복사
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 150
상원내 보수당의 반대를 뚫기 위한 문제의 돌파전략은 연준이 프린터로 달러 찍어내는 전략의 효시라고 할 수 있어요. 달러가 모자르면 달러 인쇄해서 대응하는 것처럼 상원에서 자유당 의원이 부족하면 그냥 왕이 나서서 자유당 의원을 찍어내면(!?) 되는 것 ㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋ 연준의 발권력 = 왕의 의원생산력
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
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Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
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