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홍차넷
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추천
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- 회원들이 추천해주신 좋은 글들을 따로 모아놓는 공간입니다.
- 추천글은 매주 자문단의 투표로 선정됩니다.
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전체기타일상/생각꿀팁/강좌게임문학영화의료/건강문화/예술경제체육/스포츠과학철학/종교정치/사회요리/음식역사여행IT/컴퓨터음악창작사진
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| Date |
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| Name | 호라타래 |
| Subject | 교육심리학의 20가지 주요 원리 11~20 |
|
아오 짬내기가 힘드네요. // 11. 교사가 학생에게 품는 기대는 학생들의 학습기회, 동기, 학습 결과에 영향을 끼친다. (Teachers' expectations about their students affect students' opportunities to learn, their motivation, and their learning outcomes) 자기실현적 예언이라는 개념으로도 잘 알려져있쥬. 기본적인 흐름은 다들 아실거고, 몇 가지 추가적인 연구 결과를 짚자면 - 잘못된 기대는 학년이 낮을 때, 학기 시작 시기에, 그리고 초->중->고 진학 시기에 일어나기 쉬워요. 요약하자면 기존 성취에 대한 정보가 적을 때 일어나기 쉽다는 거쥬 - 낮은 기대든 높은 기대든 영향을 끼친다는 점도 염두에 두어야 하고요 - 학생을 포기하지 않는 태도가 가장 좋은 해독제라 합디다 12. 목표를 짧고(도달 가능하게), 구체적이고, 적당히 어렵게 잡는 것이 학생의 동기를 강화한다. (Setting goals that are short term (proximal), specific, and moderately challenging enhances motivation more than establishing goals that are long term (distal), general, and overly challenging) 당연해 보이지유? 한걸음 더 들어가면 자기효능감(self-efficacy)라는 유명한 개념과 연결되요. 내가 할 수 있다고 느껴야 계속 할 수 있다는 거지요. 지난 번 글에서 언급했던 근접발달영역(ZOP)의 원리도 그대로 들어오고요. 마찬가지로 추가적인 내용을 밝히자면 - 조금씩 나아지는 모습을 직접 확인하도록 도와주는 것이 굿굿이다. 너무 목표를 장거리로 잡으면 확인하기가 힘들다. - 발달심리학적으로 볼 때, 최소 중학교 시기까지 청소년들은 먼 미래를 뚜렷하게 생각하기 힘들어 한다. (발달심리학적 관점에 대한 비판도 상당히 강하지만 일단 요기서는 생략) - 구체적인 목표라는 건 수량화하고 측정하기 용이한 목표다 (올해에는 타임라인 줄여야지(X) vs 내일부터 하루에 탐라를 2개만 써야지(O)) 13. 학습은 다양한 사회적 맥락 속에 놓인다. (Learning is situated within multiple social contexts) 학생들은 가족, 또래집단, 학급, 학교, 지역사회, 전체 사회 등 다양한 맥락 속에 겹쳐져 있어요. 그리고 각각이 자기들끼리 영향을 주고 받으면서, 학생들에게 영향을 주고요. 본문에는 얘기를 안 했지만 이제 유튜브와 같은 주요 미디어도 진지하게 고려해야 하지 않나 싶고요. 다양하고 복잡한 맥락을 고려해야 한다~ 라는 교과서 같은 소리이기는 한데, 하나 더 고려해야 하는 건 교실 그 자체가 문화를 지닌 하나의 단위라는 점이에요. 거기에 교사가 관여할 수 있는 지점이 꽤나 크고요. 학교를 사회변혁의 기초로 보는 사람들은 이 포인트를 파고 들어간다 볼 수 있을 겁니당 14. 인간관계와 의사소통은 학생들의 교수학습 과정과 사회적 감정 발달에 모두 중요하다. (Interpersonal relationships and communication are critical to both the teaching-learning process and the social-emotional development of students) + 15. 감정적 안녕감은 학생들의 성취, 학습, 발달에 영향을 미친다. (Emotional well-being influences educational performance, learning, and development) 학교에서 배우는 건 지식만이 아니쥬. 학생들은 학교에서 사회적 스킬을 배워요. 자신의 생각과 감정을 (비)언어적으로 표현하는 연습을 할 수 있도록 학급 분위기를 조성하는 건 매우 X 100 중요합니다. 여기서는 보고서의 요약이 아니라 다른 이야기를 좀 하고 싶어요. 어쨌거나 저쨌거나 이상과는 달리, 한국에서 학교를 나온 많은 이들이 경험한 '학교', '학교에서의 인간관계'는 교과서와는 다른 경우가 많더라고요. 남성들 사이에서 두드러지는 물리적 폭력이나 위계 강요, 여성들 사이에서 두드러지는 사회적 폭력과 감정적 소외를 듣다보면 학교/학급이 자체적으로 부정적인 문화를 재생산하는 것은 아닌가 하는 의심이 들지요. 그 과정 속에서 한 번 희생양이 된 학생들은 감정적 안녕감이 저해되고, 그로 인해 학업 성적이 저해되면서, 학업 성적을 주요 가치로 삼는 문화 속에서 다시금 부정적 순환고리에 빠지게 되기도 쉽고요. 16. 학생들은 교실이 작동하는 방식에 대한 기대와 교실 내에서의 사회적 상호작용을 익힌다. 이러한 것들은 입증된 행동 원리와 효율적인 학급 지도를 통해 가르칠 수 있다. (Expectations for classroom conduct and social interaction are learned and can be taught using proven principles of behavior and effective classroom instruction) 14~15에서 부정적인 이야기를 했지만, 연구 결과는 교사가 어떤 방법을 쓰느냐에 따라 교실은 건강한 공동체로 회복 가능하다고 해요. 학기 초에 학습/교실 내 상호작용에 대한 명확한 원칙을 세우고, 이를 점진적으로 강화해나가라는 것이 기본 원리지요. 연구 결과는 초기 2주를 핵심적인 시간으로 꼽습니다. 그리고 문제가 발생하기 전에 미리미리 예방하는 것도 중요하고요. 한 번 사건이 발생하면 그 영향력이라는 건 상당하거든요. 17. 학급을 효과적으로 운용하기 위해서는 (a) 높은 기대를 지니고 전달하고, (b) 지속적으로 긍정적인 관계를 양육하고, (c) 높은 수준으로 학생을 지지하라 (Effective classroom management is based on (a) setting and communicating high expectations, (b) consistently nurturing positive relationships, and (c) providing a high level of student support) 앞선 내용들의 요약 같은 겁니다 ㅎ_ㅎ 18. 형성평가와 종합평가는 둘 다 중요하고 유용한데, 다만 다른 방식으로 접근하고 해석해야 한다. (Formative and summative assessments are both important and useful but require different approaches and interpretations.) 형성평가 - 수업을 고안하고 지도하기 위해 활용하라. 토론, 협동, 자기/동료평가 등등 다양하게 접근 가능하다 종합평가 - 교육 프로그램의 효과성 혹은 학생들의 학습 진전을 종합적으로 평가하기 위해 써라. 표준화 된 대규모 측정도구(aka 시험)을 활용하라 여요. 형성평가에는 학생들에게 수업 목표를 전달하는 기능도 있다는 점을 간과하는 것은 노노 19. 학생들의 능력, 지식, 기술은 심리학 기반의 측정 도구를 활용해야 그 질과 공정성이 확보된다. (Students' skills, knowledge, and abilities are best measured with assessment processes grounded in psychological science with well-defined standards for quality and fairness) 측정 도구의 타당성은 자세히 파고들면 되게 어려운 주제여요. 시험 문제를 만들어 보신 분들은 엄청 공감하실 겁니다 ㅋㅋㅋㅋ 단순한 예를 들자면 문제를 만들 때 텍스트 정보만 제공할지, 이미지 정보도 함께 제공할지부터가 난제라 할 수 있어요. 학생들 간의 인지구조는 편차가 상당하기에 여러 가능성을 고려하여 설계할 필요가 크지요. 이 APA 자료에서 측정을 계속해서 강조하는 건 미국의 정치/사회 변화라는 맥락을 함께 고려해야 해요. 부시 정부가 No Child Left Behind 법을 강조하면서 교육 내에서 책임성/설명가능성(accountability)이 커지고, 교육을 '과학화' 해야한다는 담론이 커졌거든요 (여기서 과학은 과학철학이나 과학사회학에서 지적하는 '과학하기'가 아니라 사람들이 과학에 대해 지니는 막연한 이해에 가깝지만요). 수량화의 지배는 미국 뿐만 아니라 한국 사회를 휩쓰는 흐름이니 다들 느낌적인 느낌으루다가 아시겠쥬 20. 평가 자료를 이해하는 과정은 명확하고, 적절하고, 공정한 이해에 기반한다. (Making sense of assessment data depends on clear, appropriate, and fair interpretation) 학생들의 성적 혹은 측정 결과는 잘못된 방식으로 이해될 위험이 커요. 점수 그 자체보다 교사가 점수를 어떻게 이해하고 활용하는가가 더 중요하지요. 한걸음 더 나가보자면 교사가 성적을 어떻게 학생들에게 '설명하는가'도 신중해야 해요. 달랑 성적만 주는 거, 이전 점수와 비교해서 설명을 해주는 거, 어떤 점이 강점이고 어떤 점이 약점이었는지 피드백을 세세하게 해주는 것은 효과가 전혀 다르니까요. 또한 각각의 평가 도구는 100% 완벽할 수 없다는 점도 염두에 두어야 해요. // 조금 심심한 자료를 올렸으니, 다음에는 도발적인 자료로 돌아와보겠습니다 ㅎㅎ * Cascade님에 의해서 티타임 게시판으로부터 게시물 복사되었습니다 (2020-03-01 22:13) * 관리사유 : 추천게시판으로 복사합니다. Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 133 Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 146 Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 161 20
이 게시판에 등록된 호라타래님의 최근 게시물
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19767 class="iamcmt" style="display:none;"> Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 66
19767 class='vcm '>
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19767'> 듣보잡
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20/02/20 14:14
19767>삭제 주소복사
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 150
이전 글도 그렇고 좋은 내용이네요. 저런 원칙에 입각해서 실제로 아이 교육을 어떻게 실천하는 것이 좋을지 궁금해지네요. 이론은 그럴듯하게 알아도 실천을 못하는 게 제 문제 중 하나인 것 같아서 ㅋㅋ
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19767>
19767>
