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홍차넷
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추천
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- 회원들이 추천해주신 좋은 글들을 따로 모아놓는 공간입니다.
- 추천글은 매주 자문단의 투표로 선정됩니다.
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전체기타일상/생각꿀팁/강좌게임문학영화의료/건강문화/예술경제체육/스포츠과학철학/종교정치/사회요리/음식역사여행IT/컴퓨터음악창작사진
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| Date |
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| Name | 다시갑시다 |
| Link #1 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxFxoLxmcdg |
| Link #2 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1hxg1rY17I |
| Subject | 양자역학 의식의 흐름: 아이러니, 말도 안 돼 |
 "개들은 관측할수있지, 고로 양자역학에 따르면 개는 영혼이있을수밖에 없어" "팁: '양자역학에 따르면...'이 들어간 문장은 무시하셔도됩니다" 1편: 더 퍼스트 어벤져 (https://new.redtea.kr/?b=3&n=3714) 2편: 월급 D 루팡 (https://new.redtea.kr/?b=3&n=3750) 3편: 금수저와 집사 (https://new.redtea.kr/?b=3&n=4252) 위의 글들을 기억하시는 분 계시나요? 참 옛날 이야기네요, 그래서 돌아왔습니다. 약속한대로 이야기를 마무리지어야죠. 이 이야기가 오래 걸린건, 제가 초심을 잃어서이기도하고, 이제 다룰 이야기는 사실 정확하게 이해한다고 말할수 없는 영역이라 무서웠던점도 큰것 같습니다. 이 시리즈의 이전 글들과는 다르게 이번 글은 사람들의 이야기보다는 물리학에 더 집중할수 밖에 없거든요. 아직도 이런 변명을 읽고있다니, 역시 심성이 착한 홍차클러시네요, 시간이 좀 되었으니까 친절하게 복습해드리겠습니다. 1편: 1900년 플랑크 할버지가 이상한 수식 발표해서 난제를 품 2편: 1905년 아인슈타인 아저씨가 플랑크 할버지 수식보고서는 "아 이거 사실 양자로 이해해야함" 이럼 -1910년대에는 아인슈타인 아저씨 이론에 대한 실험 열심히함 3편: 1920년대 데브로글리랑 슈뢰딩거 삼촌이 "양자는 빛뿐만 아니라 모든걸 설명하고, 이런 수식으로 설명된" 이럼 자 이제 대망의 1930년대입니다! 전세계가 대공황의 여파에 허덕이고있던 시절이죠. 미국은 FDR의 뉴딜을, 독일에서는 20세기 가장 유명한 콧수염에도 불구하고 악의 대명사가 되어버릴 그 남자가 인기를 타기 시작했었습니다. 경제학쪽에서는 케인즈의 이론이 나왔고, 에밀리아 에어하트가 여성파일럿 최초로 대서양을 비행한것도 1930년대죠. 한국은 1930년대에 독립운동이 본격적으로 불붙었던 시기라고 알고있습니다. 격동의 1930년대, 양자물리학계 또한 후끈했던 시절입니다. 문제의 중심에는, 지난 편의 끝마무리에 소개한 이 수식이있었죠.  바로 슈뢰딩거 수식입니다. 물리학자들은 과학자들 중에서도 수식을 좋아하는편입니다. 그리고 그 수식의 의미에 실제 의미에 대해서 이야기하는건 더 좋아하죠. 슈뢰딩거 수식부터 시작된 양자역학에 관한 토론은 당시의 핫토픽이였죠. 토론의 주요안건은 상당히 철학적인 질문이였습니다. 그 질문은 1935년 발표된 두 논문의 제목입니다. (1) http://www.drchinese.com/David/EPR.pdf (2) https://journals.aps.org/pr/pdf/10.1103/PhysRev.48.696 1935년 3월 25일, 아인슈타인-포돌스키-로젠은 "Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Reality Be Considered Complete?"/"물리적 실재에 대한 양자물리학적 기술은 완전하다고 할 수 있을까"라는 논문을 발표합니다. 논란의 중심은 "물질적 실재란 무엇인가?"라는 질문입니다. 그리고 이 질문은 양자역학의 확률적이고 불확실한 특성 때문에 나왔다고 볼수있죠. 아인슈타인은 기본적으로 양자역학에 대해서 호의적이였습니다. 다양한 실험적 결과들이 양자역학의 힘을 연이어 증명하였기 때문이죠. 다만 양자역학에는 한계가있다고 느끼게됩니다. 그 한계는 양자역학에서 점점 더 큰 비중을 차지하고있는 확률적인 설명법에 대한 의구심이였죠. 이러한 의구심을 설명하기 위해서 쓴 논문이 위의 논문입니다. EPR 패러독스 논문으로 유명하죠. 그리고 당시 이 논란에서 아인슈타인의 반대편의 대표주자였던 닐스 보어는, 1935년 7월 13일 똑같은 저널에 똑같은 제목으로 아인슈타인의 주장을 반박하는 논문을 기고합니다. 역사에 길이 남을 대과학자들이 이렇게나 쪼잔합니다 ㅋㅋㅋ 당연한 이야기지만 아인슈타인과 보어는 하루이틀 이 논쟁을했던게 아니라고합니다. .jpg) [이공계 학생들의 원수들], [세상에서 가장 IQ가 높은 사진] 같은걸로 유명한 사진들이죠? 1927년 솔베이 학회에 참가한 과학자들의 사진입니다. 아인슈타인은 다 알아보실테고, 보어는 중간줄 맨 오른쪽에 안자있습니다 (우리 기준). 1927년 학회는 물론이고, 3년후 1930년 솔베이 학회에도 참가한 아인슈타인과 보어는 두번다 이 문제에 관해서 열띤 토론을했다고합니다. 둘다 한치의 양보도 안하고, 서로를 1도 납득시키지 못했다고 전해집니다 (음? 우리랑 다를거 없는것 같은데...). 하긴 그러니까 거의 10년이나 지나서 서로 논문에서 저격질이나하고있겠죠. 홍차넷이였으면 부적절한 행위로 운영진의 신속한 응징이 내려졌을것 같습니다. 참고로 1927년 솔베이 학회에는 우리가 이 시리즈를 진행시켜오며 만나본 과학자들도 다수 계신데요. 댓글에서 과학자 얼굴 맞추기 놀이를... 아인슈타인이랑 큐리는 모두가 맞출거라 믿고 2점을 베이스라인으로 깔고 시작하죠. 어쨋든 질문으로 돌아오면 이게 진짜 철학적이고 여러가지 이야기를 할수있는 질문입니다만 이해를 하는 한가지 방법은 "아니 그래서 관측이 하는게 뭐야?"라고 봅니다. 양자역학이 일반인들에게 이해가 쉽지 않은 이유에는 양자역학의 확률적 정의를 해석해야하기 때문이라고봅니다. 양자역학은 물체 'ㄱ'의 실체가 A or B로 설명하는게 아니라, A일 확률 x%, B일 확률 y%라고 설파합니다. 하지만 우리가 관측한 실제 세상은 A or B로 나타나죠. [그러면 관측이 없을때 'ㄱ'은 무슨 상태인거야?]가 질문입니다. 양자역학 주류 해석법인 "코펜하겐 관측법"에 의하면 'ㄱ'은 x%로 A고 y%로 B였다가 관측을 통해서 A or B가 된다!라고 설명합니다. 이걸 waven function collapse/측정 후 붕괴라고합니다. 초기에는 이 과정을 설명하기 위해서 빛의 위치와 운동량에 관한 하이젠베르크 불확실성을 예로 들었다고합니다: 예를 들어 우리가 광자의 위치를 알고 싶다고합시다 a. 광자는 특정한 위치와 운동량을 지니고있습니다. b. 광자의 위치를 알기 위해서 빛을 쬡니다. c. 오 광자를 보았어요! 저기 있었군요 (위치정보 획득) d. 이제 운동량을 알아... 아 근데 우리가 빛을 쬐어서 광자의 운동량이 변해버렸네요 (운동량정보 획득불가, 갑무룩) 참고로 측정 후 붕괴를 이렇게 설명하는것은 더 이상 용납되는 방식이 아닙니다. 어찌되었든 관측이 없을때, 또는 관측이 실재에 영향을 끼치지 않는 상황에 서 실재란 무엇이냐?라는 질문은 유효하죠. 그 질문을 던지는게 EPR 논문입니다. 그리고 여기에서 소개되는 사고실험이 바로 양자 얽힘이죠 (quantum entanglement). 일전에 홍차넷 뉴게에도 관련 이야기가 올라와서 댓글생산이 되었었습니다. 양자얽힘에 관한 기사 (https://new.redtea.kr/?b=34&n=4017) 어찌되었든 EPR이 하고 싶었던 이야기는: 1. 그래 양자역학 수식에 따르면 이런 얽혀있는 양자들을 만들수있어야해 2. 그럼 얽힌 양자들을 딥따 멀리 떨어뜨려보자 3. 얽힌 양자중에 하나를 관측을하면 우리는 동시에 다른 양자의 실재도 알수있어! 관측을 안했는데! 이걸 어떻게 설명하냐고! 이건 국소성 (locality)을 어기고, 빛보다 빠른 정보의 이동이기 때문에 특수 상대성 이론에서 정립한 인과관계 또한 부정한다고 (causality). 이게 바로 Spooky action at a distance인거죠 4. 이건 아마도, 우리가 사용하는 양자역학은 자연을 완전히 설명하기에는 불완전한 이론이기 때문에 그럴거야. 우리가 아직 알지 못하는 숨겨진 변수 (hidden variable)들이 있을것이다! 라는 주장을합니다. 아인슈타인은 양자역학 자체를 부정했다기보다는, 양자역학의 주류 해석법인 코펜하겐 해석법이, 결과를 설명하는데에 좀 더 근원적인 의미를 제공하지 않고 "확률적으로 그러니까 결과가 그런거야"라는 식의 설명을 하는데에 불만이있었던거죠 (본격 아인슈타인 근본충설...). 2편의 주인공인 아인슈타인에 이어서, 3편의 마무리를한 슈뢰딩거도 사실 비슷한 불만이있었다고합니다. 그래서 슈뢰딩거는 슈뢰딩거의 고양이라는 사고실험을 제시한거였죠. "코펜하겐 해석이 맞으면, 이런 상황도 가능해야하자나. 말도 안 돼"  "슈뢰딩거에게 전해라: 내가 살아있다고. 곧 널 찾아가겠다고." (출처: https://new.redtea.kr/?b=13&n=15025) 하지만 결국에 1964년 벨이 벨의 부등식을 제안하고 (이런 나르시스트 같으니라고...) 70,80년대에 지속적인 실험들로 인해서 아인슈타인의 숨겨진 변수 이론은 틀렸다는것이 증명됩니다. 아쉽게도 아인슈타인과 보어는 이미 세상을 떠난 이후였죠. 그리고 EPR 패러독스와 슈뢰딩거의 고양이는 기존의 의도와는 조금 다르게 전달되고있습니다. EPR의 경우 기존 고전물리학이 실재에 대해 지니고있던 관념들은 양자역학의 세계에는 어울리지 않는것을 볼수있는 예가 되었고, 슈뢰딩거의 고양이와 같은 경우에는 거시세계는 너무너무너무 복잡해서 양자역학의 이상함이 적용되지 않는다는 것을 보여주는 예로 설명이되고있습니다. EPR 패러독스와 슈뢰딩거의 고양이는, 양자역학이 단순히(?) 자연을 설명하는 이론적 체계에서 자연의 근원적인 의미에 대한 철학적 토론까지 필요한 성숙한 학문이 되는 중요한 계기였다고 생각합니다. 물론 이 논란이 시작된 1930년대 이후에도 양자역학에는 수많은 히어로들이 치고 박으면서 지속적인 발전을 이루어냅니다. 그리고 현대과학에서는 도저히 빼놓고 이야기할수 없는 학문이되었죠. 제가 개인적으로 정말 존경하는 파인만과 같은 경우에도 양자역학의 발전에 큰기여를한 과학자입니다. 하지만, 제가 홍차넷에하는 양자역학 이야기는 여기서 마무리를 짓기로했습니다. 시험 공부하기 싫어서, 양자역학을 조금이나마 더 친숙하게 설명할수있는 기회가 되었으면해서 무작정 시작한 시리즈인데, 예상했던것보다 훨씬 오래 걸렸네요. 물리학을 좋아하지만, 물리학도도 아니고, 양자역학을 따로 공부한지도 오래된지라 매번 준비하면서도 쓰면서도 저도 많이 햇갈리는 경험이였습니다. 그래도 아름답고 오묘한 양자역학의 과학과 수식만큼이나 재밌는 과학자들 중심으로 이야기를 풀면서 저도 많이 배우게 된것 같네요. 분명히 오류가있을테니, 찾으신다면 댓글이나 쪽지로 너그럽게 지적을해주시면 수정하도록하겠습니다. 이전 글들에서 오류를 지적해주신 분들에게 이 기회에 특별한 감사를 드립니다. 마지막으로 처음부터든, 이번글 부터든 같이 읽어주신분들께 너무나 감사드립니다. * 수박이두통에게보린님에 의해서 티타임 게시판으로부터 게시물 복사되었습니다 (2017-11-06 09:33) * 관리사유 : 추천 게시판으로 복사합니다. 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이 게시판에 등록된 다시갑시다님의 최근 게시물
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Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 142
17/10/24 07:46
12365>삭제 주소복사
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 150
아침에 이걸 읽으니 상콤하군요.
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
12365>
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