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홍차넷
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추천
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- 회원들이 추천해주신 좋은 글들을 따로 모아놓는 공간입니다.
- 추천글은 매주 자문단의 투표로 선정됩니다.
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전체기타일상/생각꿀팁/강좌게임문학영화의료/건강문화/예술경제체육/스포츠과학철학/종교정치/사회요리/음식역사여행IT/컴퓨터음악창작사진
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| Date |
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 53 22/01/10 16:33:33 Warning: Use of undefined constant mod_date - assumed 'mod_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 56 |
| Name | 아침커피 |
| Link #1 | https://crmn.tistory.com/139 |
| Subject | 리을 이야기 |
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리을 이야기 1. 한국어에는 ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄷ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅂ, ㅇ 7개의 받침 소리가 있다. 일상에서 많이 볼 수 있는 ㅅ, ㅆ 받침은 소리로는 ㄷ과 똑같다. 중국어(보통화)에는 ㄴ, ㅇ, R 3개의 받침이 있고 광동어에는 ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄷ, ㅁ, ㅂ, ㅇ 6개의 받침이 있다. 일본어에서는 ん이 ㄴ, ㅁ, ㅇ 받침 소리를, っ가 ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ 받침 소리를 내기 때문에 총 6개의 받침 소리가 나타난다. 2. 자세히 보면 한국어에만 유일하게 ㄹ 받침이 있다. 중국어로 숫자를 셀 때 우리가 흔히 이 얼 싼 쓰 하며 읽지만 사실 2의 중국어 발음은 얼이 아니라 어R에 가깝다. 다른 동아시아 언어, 예를 들어 몽골어 등에 대해서는 내가 아는 바가 없지만 어쨌든 ㄹ 받침이 한국어의 개성 포인트라고 해도 될 법하다. 3. 고전 한자 발음은 현대 중국어보다 광동어와 한국어에 더 잘 남아 있다고 한다. 정작 지금의 북경 지역은 예전부터 여러 민족이 모여서 치고박고 하면서 발음이 섞여서 고전 한자 발음이 잘 안 남아 있다나. 그래서인지 광동어와 한국어의 한자 발음은 꽤 비슷하다. 시간(時間)을 예로 들어보면 중국어 발음은 싀지앤, 일본어 발음은 지깡이지만 광동어 발음은 시간이다. 4. 그런데 광동어와 한국어의 한자 발음을 비교해 보면 재미있는 규칙을 찾을 수 있다. 광동어 한자 발음의 ㄷ 받침(ㅅ 받침) 소리가 한국어에서는 죄다 ㄹ 받침으로 바뀌어 있다는 점이다. 숫자 칠(7)은 광동어로 '찻'이고 팔(8)은 '빳'이다. 주윤발은 '자우윤팟'이고 카페에서 음료를 뜨겁게 해 달라고 하려면 더울 열(熱)자를 써서 '잇'이라고 하면 된다. 5. 이 규칙을 발견하고 매우 신났었는데 알고 보니 언어학자들이 진작에 찾아 놓았던 것이었다. '운미 [t]의 [l]화'라는 전문가스러운 표현이 이미 있고, 학자들은 친절하게도 거기에 추가 설명까지 달아 놓았다. 고전 한자어의 ㄷ 받침이 한반도로 오면서 죄다 ㄹ 받침으로 바뀌었다고 한다. 즉 광동어의 한자 발음이 더 원조라는 소리다. 훈민정음 해례본에서도 이 점이 신경쓰였는지 ㄹ 받침은 원래는 순우리말에서만 써야 하고 한자에는 쓰면 안 되는데 습관상 한자에도 ㄷ 대신 ㄹ 받침이 쓰이고 있다고 자세하게 설명하고 있다 (且半舌之ㄹ, 當用於諺, 而不可用於文. 如入聲之彆字, 終聲當用ㄷ, 而俗習讀爲ㄹ, 盖ㄷ變而爲輕也.). 6. 왜 한국어에서는 ㄹ 받침이 번창하게 되었을까. 이런저런 설이 많은데 엄밀한 증명과 논문은 학계에 맡기고 그저 단순하게 생각해보자면 '그 발음이 당시 한국사람들에게 편했어서'가 그 이유였지 않을까. 지금도 거센소리보다 된소리, 예사소리가 더 편하기 때문에 오타쿠는 오덕후가 되고 배터리는 빳데리가 되고 있지 않나. 즉 한자가 한국어에 들어오기 전 부터 한국어에서는 ㄹ 받침이 엄청 많이 쓰이고 있지 않았을까 싶다. 7. 순우리말에서 ㄹ은 연속되는 소리나 동작을 나타낸다. 그래서 물은 '졸졸' 흐르고 불은 '활활' 타고 새는 '훨훨' 날고 추울 때 몸은 '덜덜' 떨리고 잠은 '쿨쿨' 자고 노래는 '랄랄라' 하고 부르고 돌은 '데굴데굴' 굴러간다. 반대로 ㄱ은 단절되는 소리나 동작을 나타낸다. 숨은 '턱' 막히고 길은 '꽉' 막히고 공은 손으로 '탁' 잡고 바둑돌은 '딱' 하고 내리치게 된다. 여기서 ㄱ을 ㄹ로 바꿔보면 느낌이 안 사는 것을 쉽게 알 수 있다. 길이 '꽐' 막힌다고 하면 '꽉' 막힌다고 하는 것에 비해 느낌이 안 산다. '굴렁쇠'는 잘 굴러갈 것 같지만 '국겅쇠'라고 하면 이름만 들어도 답답하다. 8. 이어령 선생님께서 ㄹ의 연속성과 ㄱ의 단절성을 다 품고 있는 한국어 표현으로 자주 언급하시는 것이 떼굴 떼굴 떽떼굴이다. '굴'의 ㄹ 받침 때문에 뭔가 굴러가는 것 같다가 '떽'의 ㄱ 받침 때문에 멈추게 되고, 다시 떼굴 하면서 굴러가게 된다. 하여튼 한국어의 ㄹ은 단순한 음가가 아니다. ㄹ만으로도 연속이라는 뜻을 갖고 있는 것이다. 9. 낫 놓고 기역자도 모른다는 말이 있는 것 처럼 옛사람들은 ㄱ을 낫과 연결시켜 생각했다. 그러면 ㄹ은 어땠을까? 1800년대의 유명인 김삿갓의 시 중 이런 작품이 있다. 한자와 한글을 절묘하게 섞어서 쓴 시다. 腰下佩ㄱ(요하패기역) 牛鼻穿ㅇ(우비천이응) 歸家修ㄹ(귀가수리을) 不然點ㄷ(불연점디귿) 이 시는 김삿갓이 지나가는 머슴에게 길을 물었다가 무시를 당한 후 쓴 시로, 해석하면 다음과 같다. 허리 아래에는 ㄱ을 달랑 차고, 소 코에는 ㅇ을 뚫었구나. 집에 가서 ㄹ을 수양해라. 안 그러면 ㄷ에 점 찍게 될 것이다. ㄱ은 머슴이 허리에 찬 낫을, ㅇ은 둥그런 모양의 쇠코뚜레를, ㄹ은 한자 몸 기(己) 자를, ㄷ에 점을 찍는다는 것은 죽을 망(亡)자를 가리킨다. 즉 "허리에 낫 차고 소 코에 코뚜레 끼우고 가는 이 놈아, 집에 가서 자기 수양을 하지 않으면 죽게 될 것이다" 라는 뜻이 된다. 김삿갓이 요즘 유행하는 프리스타일 랩 경연 프로그램에 나왔다면 엄청난 디스곡을 쏟아냈을 것 같다. 하여튼 옛 사람들은 ㄹ을 볼 때 한자 몸 기(己) 자를 떠올렸다는 것을 이 시를 통해 알 수 있다. 10. 다시 리을과 기역 이야기로 돌아와서, 순전히 아마추어이자 언어학 개론조차 안 들어본 일반인으로서 마음대로 추측해보자면 '살다', '죽다' 역시 ㄹ과 ㄱ의 법칙이 적용된 단어이지 않을까 싶다. ㄹ 받침은 동작의 이어짐이고 ㄱ 받침은 동작의 멈춤이다. '살다'는 누가 뭐래도 이어지는 것 아닌가. '죽다'는 멈추는 것이고. 혹시 또 모른다. 이것 역시 진작에 학자들이 찾아 놓은 것일지도. 어쨌든 그럴싸한 추측이지 않나. 11. ㄹ과 ㄱ이 이렇게 극명한 대조를 보인다면 그 둘이 합쳐진 ㄺ은 어떤 뜻을 가지는지 갑자기 궁금해졌다. ㄺ이 사용된 단어는 몇 개 되지 않기 때문에 거의 전부를 이 글에도 나열할 수 있다. 내가 찾은 건 15개인데 이게 전부일 것 같다. 동사 (11개): 갉다, 굵다, 긁다, 낡다, 늙다, 맑다, 묽다, 밝다, 붉다, 얽다, 읽다 명사 (4개): 닭, 삵, 칡, 흙 아마추어답게 무식하고 용감하게 때려맞춰 보자면, 다 들어맞는 것은 아니지만 대략 보면 부드러운 것, 즉 ㄹ과 딱딱한 것, 즉 ㄱ이 함께 뒤엉켜 있는 상태에 ㄺ이 쓰이는 것 같다. 갉는 것은 딱딱한 것, 즉 ㄱ을 없애가는 ㄹ의 과정이지 않나. 긁는 것도 마찬가지고. 낡는 것은 생기가 넘치던 ㄹ이 딱딱한 ㄱ으로 변해가는 과정이고 얽는 것은 연한 것인 ㄹ과 딱딱한 것인 ㄱ이 '얽히고 설키는' 과정이다. 삵은 고양이처럼 귀여운 ㄹ이지만 맹수로서 사나운 ㄱ이고, 닭은 ㄹ처럼 '훨훨' 날아가고 싶지만 얼마 못 날고 ㄱ이 되어 땅에 '뚝' 떨어지는 새다. 칡은 살아있는 ㄹ이지만 거칠고 딱딱한 ㄱ이고 흙도 부드러우면서 거칠다. 12. 모든 사람은 늙어가고 있다. 갓 태어난 신생아도 어제보다 오늘 하루만큼 늙은 것이다. 내가 어쭙잖게 생각해 본 ㄺ 이론대로라면 나이를 먹어 간다는 것, 즉 늙는다는 것은 부드러운 ㄹ과 딱딱한 ㄱ이 혼재되어 있는 상태이지 않나 싶다. 살아있는 ㄹ 받침에서 죽어있는 ㄱ 받침으로 가는 중간 과정이 늙어가는 ㄺ 받침인 것이 아닌가, 그런 생각이 든다. 13. 모든 사람은 늙어가고 있기에 모든 삶은 ㄹ도 ㄱ도 아닌 ㄺ이다. 반대되는 두 개념, 모순되는 두 개념이 동시에 존재하는 것이 삶이다. 그리고 이 점을 예리하게 잡아낸 글들이 훌륭한 문학 작품이 된다. 스탕달의 적과 흑은 적(赤)으로 상징되는 속(俗)과 흑(黑)으로 상징되는 성(聖)을 보여주고 도스토예프스키의 카라마조프 가의 형제들은 선과 악이 한 사람 안에 공존하는 모습을 다룬다. 2000년 전에 바울이 뭐라고 했나. "내가 원하는 바 선은 행하지 아니하고 도리어 원하지 아니하는 바 악을 행하는도다. (중략) 오호라, 나는 곤고한 사람이로다! 이 사망의 몸에서 누가 나를 건져내랴?" 모순 속에서 살아있고자 발버둥 친 사람의 입에서는 이런 말이 나오게 되는 것이다. "오호라, 나는 곤고한 사람이로다!" 그리고 뒤에 덧붙는 말이 있다. "힘들어 죽겠네." 바울 정도나 되니까 고상하게 "이 사망의 몸에서..." 라는 표현을 쓸 수 있었던 것이다. 14. 인간은 살아있는 한 이 ㄹ과 ㄱ의 모순을 절대로 혼자서 풀 수 없다. 그러한 시도는 인류 역사에서 지금까지 항상 실패로 끝났다. 그래서 지상낙원이 없는 것이고 존 레논의 이매진은 아무리 노래 가사 속에서 존 레논이 자기는 몽상가가 아니라고 외쳐도 영원히 이루어질 수 없는 몽상인 것이다. 역사 속에서 사람들은 언제나 이상과 현실, 선과 악, 성과 속 사이에서 갈등하고 힘들어하다가 혹은 타협하고 혹은 은둔하고 혹은 타락하고 혹은 화를 내고 혹은 극단적인 선택을 했다. 이런 상황에서 마음이 꼬이게 되면 까뮈의 이방인에 나오는 주인공 뫼르소처럼 괜히 애먼 사람을 총으로 쏴서 죽이게 된다. 장담하는데 앞으로도 수많은 사람들이 수많은 시도를 하겠지만 바울의 방식 말고는 다 역시나 실패할 것이다. 바울의 해결 방법은 2000년 된 베스트셀러인 로마서에 이미 다 나와 있으니 관심 있는 사람은 찾아서 볼 일이다. 15. ㄹ을 가지고 참 많은 이야기를 했다. ㄹ은 5획이나 되는, 한글 자음 중 획이 가장 많은 글자다 (양심적으로 쌍자음, 겹자음은 제외하자). 오른쪽으로 가는 듯 하다가 아래로 내려갔다가 왼쪽으로 돌아가는가 싶더니 다시 아래로 내려간 뒤 오른쪽으로 빠진다. 재미있는 것은 현대 한글 자음에서 ㄹ만 글자가 만들어진 원리가 다르다는 것이다. 훈민정음에는 왜 ㄹ을 하필이면 딱 그 모양으로 만들었는지 자세한 설명이 되어 있지 않다. 훈민정음은 구강구조를 시각화한 ㄱ, ㄴ, ㅁ, ㅅ, ㅇ 5개가 기본 자음이며 거기에 발음이 세게 나면 획을 더하는 식으로 해서 ㄱ에서 ㅋ을, ㄴ에서 ㄷ과 ㅌ을, ㅁ에서 ㅂ과 ㅍ을, ㅅ에서 ㅈ과 ㅊ을, ㅇ에서 된이응 ㆆ과 ㅎ을 만들었다고 설명하고 있다. 그런데 희한하게도 옛이응 ㆁ, ㄹ, 반치음 ㅿ에 대해서는 ㅇ, ㄴ, ㅅ에 비해 발음이 세게 나는 것은 아니지만 모양을 다르게 하기 위해서 ㅇ, ㄴ, ㅅ에 획을 더해서 만들었다고만 설명하고 있다. (其因聲加畫之義皆同. 而唯ㆁ爲異. 半舌音ㄹ, 半齒音ㅿ, 亦象舌齒之形而異其體, 無加畫之義焉.) 이 중 지금까지 사용되고 있는 글자는 ㄹ 하나뿐인데, 즉 ㄹ은 ㄴ과 비슷한 소리이지만 ㄴ에 획을 더한 ㄷ, ㅌ이 ㄴ보다 소리가 센 것에 비해 ㄹ은 ㄴ에 획이 엄청 많이 추가되었지만 소리가 센 것은 아니라는 뜻이다. 16. ㄹ의 이러한 특성이 삶의 특성이지 않나 싶다. 우리는 최대한 많은 것은 규칙 안에 넣고 싶어하지만 결국 삶에는 규칙을 적용할 수 없는, 그런데 무시할 수도 없는 이질적인 요소들이 존재한다. 인간의 말, 즉 자연어만 봐도 그렇다. 그렇게 체계적으로 만든 훈민정음이지만 ㄹ처럼 이질적인 글자가 존재하고, 세상 그 어떤 자연어도 문법에 예외가 없는 경우는 없다. 엘비스 프레슬리의 그 유명한 노래 Love me tender는 ('텐더야, 나를 사랑하거라' 가 아닌 이상) 문법적으로 틀렸다. Love me tenderly가 되어야 한다. 그러나 이렇게 예외와 시적 허용이 나타나는 것이 인간의 언어이고, 이런 요소들이 언어를 풍성하게 한다. 이런 불확실한 요소들을 다 제거해서 명확하게 만든 언어들도 있는데 대개 대부분의 사람들이 어려워하는 언어들이다. C, C++, 자바, 파이썬, 어셈블리.... 17. 그러니 규칙적으로 살려고 노력하더라도 여유를 잃지 말자. 피천득 선생님의 수필이라는 제목의 수필에 이런 구절이 있다. "덕수궁 박물관에 청자 연적이 하나 있었다. 내가 본 그 연적은 연꽃 모양을 한 것으로, 똑같이 생긴 꽃잎들이 정연히 달려 있었는데, 다만 그 중에 꽃잎 하나만이 약간 옆으로 꼬부라졌었다. 이 균형 속에 있는 눈에 거슬리지 않는 파격이 수필인가 한다. 한 조각 연꽃잎을 꼬부라지게 하기에는 마음의 여유를 필요로 한다. 이 마음의 여유가 없어 수필을 못 쓰는 것은 슬픈 일이다." 내가 감히 덧붙이자면 그러한, '균형 속에 있는 눈에 거슬리지 않는 파격'이 바로 우리네 삶을 삶 답게 만들어주는 요소이다. 이 글의 맨 앞에서 ㄹ이 한국어의 특성이라고 말했던 것 처럼. 그러니 우리도 청자 연적이라는 각자의 삶에 있는 꽃잎 하나 정도는 약간 옆으로 꼬부리자. 그 꼬부라진 꽃잎 하나가 삶을 삶 답게 만들어준다. 삶의 원형인 살다라는 동사에도 ㄹ 받침이 있다는 것을 기억하면서. * Cascade님에 의해서 티타임 게시판으로부터 게시물 복사되었습니다 (2022-01-24 21:26) * 관리사유 : 추천게시판으로 복사합니다. Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 133 Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 146 Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 161 68
이 게시판에 등록된 아침커피님의 최근 게시물 |
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Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/cmt_replace.php on line 3
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 6
Warning: Use of undefined constant file_name - assumed 'file_name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 28
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23988 class="iamcmt" style="display:none;"> Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 66
23988 class='vcm '>
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23988'> 듣보잡
Warning: Use of undefined constant mod_date - assumed 'mod_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 133
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
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22/01/10 16:46
23988>삭제 주소복사
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 150
받침 ㄹ이 한국어 고유의 발음이라고는 상상도 못해봤네요. 신기합니다.
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
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23988>
23988>
