Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 278
홍차넷
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 34
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 45
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 47
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 51
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 237
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 34
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 45
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 47
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 51
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 237
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/zero_header.php on line 269
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/zero_header.php on line 300
Warning: Use of undefined constant title - assumed 'title' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/bbs_title.php on line 16
티타임
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/bbs_title.php on line 21
Warning: Use of undefined constant header - assumed 'header' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/bbs_title.php on line 31
- 다양한 주제에 대해 자유롭게 글을 작성하는 게시판입니다.
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_formmail - assumed 'use_formmail' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 519
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_category - assumed 'use_category' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/include/print_category.php on line 9
전체기타일상/생각꿀팁/강좌방송/연예도서/문학영화의료/건강문화/예술경제생활체육과학/기술철학/종교정치요리/음식역사여행육아/가정IT/컴퓨터음악창작게임스포츠사회오프모임
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/setup.php on line 29
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/setup.php on line 41
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 398
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
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Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 2
Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/memo_replace.php on line 3
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 10
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_category - assumed 'use_category' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 40
| Date |
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 53 19/08/10 00:00:40 Warning: Use of undefined constant mod_date - assumed 'mod_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 56 |
| Name | 기아트윈스 |
| Subject | 한일간 역사갈등은 꼬일까 풀릴까? 데이빋 캉, 데이빋 레헤니, & 빅터 챠 (2013) |
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캠브릿지 출판사에서 발행하는 아시아학 저널 (The Journal of Asian Studies)은 사계에서 명망이 높은 (=논문 내기 어려운) 학술잡지입니다. 2013년 5월에 한국과 일본의 선거 결과가 나온 걸 기념해서 특별 대담 같은 걸 했었는데, 남가좌의 데이빋 캉 선생의 주관하에 조지타운대 교수이자 부시정부의 동아태차관보를 지냈던 빅터 챠 선생이 한국 전문가로, 프린스턴에서 일본학을 연구하는 데이빋 레헤니 선생이 일본 전문가로 참가했습니다. 6년 뒤인 지금 읽어봐도 재밌는 의견이 가득한데 게중 특히 흥미로운 부분이 있어서 한 번 긁어봤습니다. 번역은 걍 막 했으니 (무책임) 영어능력자 분들은 번역 건너뛰고 영어로 보세요. 데뷛 캉: 일-한관계로 넘어갑시다. 독도/다케시마, "위안부", 야스쿠니 신사, 그리고 역사기억과 사과가 강조된 중학 교과서에 대한 논란에 대한 통상적인 해설이야 우리 모두 잘 알고 있어요. 학문적인 해설을 해보려는 시도가 없진 않았지만, 그냥 국내정치용이라고 원인을 지목하고 나면 애초에 왜 이런 이슈들이 한국과 일본 일반대중의 마음 속에 깊은 파장을 일으키는지에 대한 질문을 추가로 던지지 않을 수 없습니다. 글구 내가 여기서 강조하고 싶은 건 이건 한일간의 쌍방향 논쟁이고 양측에서 모두 스탭을 밟아서 상대방을 크게 자극했고 또 서로 자기들은 무죄라고 강조한다는 점이에요. 그래서 전 여러분을 위해 두 가지 질문을 준비했습니다. 한국과 일본은 비슷한 가치를 공유하는 민주-자본주의 국가이며 미국이 가장 중요한 군사동맹국인 국가라고 자주 일컬어집니다. 그래서 지금보다 사실 훨씬 더 가열차게 협력해야 맞는 거 아니냐구요. 그런데 이런 사실로부터 매우 중요한 질문이 하나 나옵니다: 이게 다 단순히 피상적이고 레토리컬한 건가? 아니면 한일간에 안정된 관계를 맺는데 생기는 어려움은 유사성 아래 잠복한 훨씬 깊은 차이점을 우리가 더 고려해야 한다는 점을 시사하는가? 그리고 추가 질문이 하나 더 있죠: 박근혜와 아베 신조는 전임자들보다 더 나은 관계를 만들어낼 수 있을까? 만약 데이빋 레헤니 선생이 지적한 것처럼 양국에게 있어 가장 중요한 외교 이슈가 중국의 부상이라는 게 많이들 공감하는 의견이라면, 그러면 왜 한국과 일본은 (중국에 대응하기 위해) 양국간 견해차를 잠시 접어두지 않는 거지요? 데뷛 레헤니: 영토와 역사 문제에 대한 한국측 입장들은 빅터에게 미뤄두고 싶군요. 일본 입장에 대해서 제가 가장 놀랐던 사실은 영토 이슈에 대해서 일본인들의 의견이 거의 만장일치라는 겁니다. 왈가왈부가 전혀 없다는 뜻은 아니고, 영토문제에 대한 일본내 의견충돌은 역사문제에 대해서 일본내에서의 의견충돌이 (일본과 한국&주변국 사이의 의견충돌 뺨치게) 심각한 것과 달리 아주 티미하다는 거예요. 제 생각에 상호 공유하고있는 민주주의-자본주의 가치들로부터 우리가 기대할 법한 것들에는 한계가 있을 것 같아요. 최소한 일본에선 (사람들이 일본의 민주주의에 얼마나 진지하게 투신하고있는지와 별개로) 민주주의적 가치에 기반한 외교정책에 대한 지지 같은 건 없어요. 까놓고 말해서, 아베랑 아소 다로가 2000년대 중반에 가치에 기반한 외교 노선을 제시했을 때 거기에 대한 대중적 지지는 거의 없었을 뿐더러 그런 외교정책이 뭔지에 대한 제대로된 분석조차 없었어요. 대체로 민주주의와 (그에 기반한) 외교정책에 대해서 자주 쓰고 말한 유일한 사람들이 누구냐하면 보수주의자들이었고, 그들은 중국을 포함하지 않는 아시안 커뮤니티라는 생각을 만드는 걸 목적으로 했죠 (아소 다로의 '자유와 번영의 아치'). 제 생각에 이건 일찍이 일본이 주도하는 아시아 문화 커뮤니티, 아시아적 가치들을 믿었던 다수의 보수주의자들의 이념적 시각이에요. 중국에게도 문제의 '아시아적~'인 것들이 최소한 일본이 그런 것 만큼 똑같이 있다는 게 문제이지만. 그런데 이런 주제들 (아베가 그의 책 '아름다운 나라로'에서, 아소가 '개쩌는 일본'에서 다뤘었죠)은 언론에서 아주 한정적으로 다뤄져요. 그리고 사실 문제의 '가치에 기반한 외교노선'을 미는 그룹인 다이어트 멤버들이 (대부분 아베 충성파죠) 무얼 했느냐하면, 일본이 보다 솔직하게 "위안부"에게 사과해야한다는 미국 연방 하원 결의안을 거절하는 광고를 워싱턴 포스트에다가 실었어요. 제 생각에 얘들은 한일간 역사 문제에 대해 어떤 답을 내 놓을 수 있는 그룹이 결코 아니에요. 역사와 영토문제에 대해서 저는 아베랑 박근혜가 천천히 진전을 볼지도 모르고, 또 실제로 상호간의 개선된 관계를 통해 양국에 모두 큰 도전이 되는 중국을 견제할 유인이 있을 거예요 (당연히 중국의 부상이 기회이기도 하지만요). 하지만, 두 사람이 실제로 의미 깊고 또 지속 가능한 관계개선을 해낼 거라고는.... 거의 가망이 없다고 봐요. 가장 큰 문제는 그 누구도 선뜻 먼저 움직일 수가 없다는 거예요. 제 생각에 아베는 독도/다케시마 문제에 대해 남한 측에 손을 내미는 것처럼 보이길 극도로 혐오하는 사람이에요. 게다가 그는 이미 위안부 이슈에 대해서도 벌써부터 다소 공격적이었지요. 박근혜도 마찬가지예요. 설사 양국이 그저 (독도해역의) 자원을 공유하는 협정에 대한 정도만 논의한다 하더라도 (제 생각엔 가장 냉철한 사람들은 이런 정도의 협정이 일본이 직면한 두 건의 영토분쟁을 해결하는데 반드시 포함되어야 한다고 생각할 텐데), 한국 영토를 도쿄에 넘겨주는 것처럼 보이기만 해도 그녀는 집권 초의 높은 지지도를 날릴 각오를 해야 할 거예요. 그리고 이게 왜 제가 한일간 갈등해결의 가망이 별로 없다고 우려하는 이유예요. 제 생각에 세상 모든 나라의 외교관들은 무인도는 싸워서 차지할 만한 가치가 없다고 할 거예요. 하지만 조금이라도 타협하려는 것처럼 움직이는 선출직 대표들은 성난 대중들에게 응-징당하겠지요. 박근혜 대통령은 대한민국이 실효지배중인 독도의 영유권에 대한 타협적인 움직임을 가져가지 않을 거고, 마찬가지로 아베 수상이 타협하려는 거 비슷한 시도만 해도 자민당은 물론 유신회의 격렬한 반응을 불러올 거예요. 그런 조치는 게다가 일본 내부적으론 센카쿠/댜오위다오 이슈에 대해 중국에 어떤 양보를 하게될 가능성에 대한 안좋은 전조로 받아들여져 멘붕을 일으킬 거구요. 난 정말 지금의 대치국면에서 희망의 서광을 보고 싶은 사람인데, 실제로 목격하고 있는 건 (이건 중일간 영토분쟁에서도 마찬가지인데) 각국 정부 관료들과 시민들이 동심협력하여 스모킹 건을 찾으려고 노력하고 있다는 거예요 (17세기 지도, 1974년 외교 협정, 1988년 추가협정, 그리고 뭐가 됐든 그 암석들이 자기들 거라는 걸 이견의 여지없이 증명해줄 것들). 그리고 이런 노력들은 갈수록 강렬해지고 있어요. 다시 말하건대, 그 어떤 냉정한 사람도 그 섬들을 놓고 전쟁을 벌이려하지 않을 거예요. 하지만 수 많은 군사 분쟁들은 분명한 계산이 아니라 계산착오와 삽질로 시작되었지요. 알렉시스 더든은 일-남한 사과논쟁에 대해 훌륭한 책도 쓰고 지금은 영토분쟁에 대해 쓰고 있는데, 그양반처럼 저 역시도 미국의 더 적극적인 개입이 있었으면 해요. 빅터는 분명 동의하지 않을 거란 걸 알아요. 그리고 양측이 과열된 논쟁에 미국이 적극 끼어들 때의 리스크도 알구요. 그리고 내 의견은 미국이 이 문제를 해결하는데 책임이 있다는 내 믿음에서 나왔다는 것도 인정합니다. 전후 평화조약을 직접 작성했잖아요? 그러니까 말 안 듣는 아이 둘이서 레고가지고 싸우는 걸 멀뚱히 지켜보고 있는 방관자일 수는 없는 거예요. 미국 대중들이 미국의 책임을 인정하느냐는 논외로 하고, 워싱턴이 한일 두 정부간의 기싸움에 화를 내는 건 어느 정도는 미국 정부가 민주주의체제 하에서 역사 문제를 해결하는 게 얼마나 어려운지 인정하고 싶어하지 않기 때문이에요. 내 말은, 심지어 오바마 대통령조차도 상대방 후보들에게 만성 사과충이라고 공격받았어요. 작년에 캄보디아 방문시 과거사에 대해 아무 것도 제안하지 않았는데두요. 만약 어떤 미국 대통령이 캄보디아와 라오스를 폭격한 것에 대해 사과하기라도 한다면 (미국이 베트남에게 했던 건 말 할 것도 없구요) 그 대통령은 재선 확률이 제로에 수렴할 테고 자기 당의 선거 전망도 박살낼 걸요. 자 보세요. 미국에게 관련하여 남아있는 영토 분쟁 이슈도 없고, 미국에 의한 장기 식민지배도 없었고, 미국이 해당 삼개국을 현재 라이벌로 인식하는 것도 아닌데도 저 나라들과의 전쟁의 결과 상호 결코 양보할 수 없는 역사 해석상의 포지션 차이가 만들어졌고, (미국의) 포지션이 오직 압도적인 파워 격차가 존재한다는 이유 하나로 국제적으로 인정받을 뿐이라면, 훨씬 힘의 격차가 적은 아시아의 두 민주주의 국가 사이에 냉정하고 침착한 정치인들이 득세할 거라고 예측할 근거가 있나요? 그냥 일본이랑 한국은 꼭 그래야 하니까? 아니면 미국인이 보기에 저 섬들 (독도, 댜오위댜오)엔 별 가치가 없으니까? 미국 관료들은 가끔 태평양에서 미국이 불가결한 역할을 맡고 있다고 하지요. 이런 의미에서 과장광고된 미국의 '아시아 중심 (pivot to Asia)' 정책은 무슨 새로운 게 아니에요. 명백한 사실을 인정한 것일 뿐. 우린 늘 거기 있었지요. 내가 보기에 역사와 영토 문제에 있어 미국이 적극적으로 개입하는 건 단연코 리스크가 큰데다 실제로 실행될 가능성은 없다시피 해요. 하지만 당사자들에게 야 니들끼리 어떻게 좀 해보라고 외치기만 하는 작금의 자세가 승리플랜이라고 할 수도 없어요. 결코 리더십이라고 할 수 없죠. 그리고, 일본과 남한간의 긴장의 패턴은 물론이요 미국이 태평양 지역에서의 자국의 역사 문제를 어떻게 취급하는지에 대한 내 개인적인 경험으로 보건대 우리가 낙관적이어야 할 이유가 보이지 않네요. David C. Kang: Let’s move on to Japan-Korea relations. We all know the standard explanation for the disputes over Dokdo/Takeshima, “comfort women,” the Yasukuni shrine, and middle-school textbooks that emphasize historical memory and apology. Despite some attempts to provide scholarly explanations, it strikes me that just pointing to domestic political causes for these actions begs the question of why such issues resonate deeply with publics in both Korea and Japan. And let me emphasize that this is a bilateral dispute —both Korea and Japan have taken steps that provoke or annoy the other side, and both emphasize their own innocence in the dispute. So I have two questions for you. Korea and Japan are often characterized as two democratic and capitalist countries that share similar values and that have their key military alliances with the United States, and thus cooperation between the two should be much closer than it is. But this also leads to an important question: is this simply superficial and rhetorical, or does the difficulty that Korea and Japan have in crafting a stable relationship hint at deeper differences between the two countries that should be considered alongside the similarities? And a follow-up question: can Park and Abe craft better relations than their predecessors? If the conventional wisdom, as David points out, is that the rise of China is the key foreign policy issue confronting both countries, then why haven’t they put aside their differences? David Leheny: I would defer to Victor on Korean perspectives on the history and territory disputes. On the Japanese side, one thing I find striking is how much unanimity there is over the territorial issues. I don’t mean that there’s no debate, but divisions on these topics are much less obvious than the wrenching discussions of history, which have been in many ways as contentious within Japan itself as they are between Japan and its neighbors, including South Korea. I think there are probably limits to what we might expect from shared democratic or capitalist values. At least in Japan, regardless of how committed people may be to Japanese democracy, there is little support for a democratic-values-based foreign policy; indeed, when both Abe and Aso offered partly overlapping visions of “values-based diplomacy” in the mid-2000s, there was little popular support behind them and even less cohesive analysis of what such a foreign policy might mean. For the most part, the only people who wrote or spoke frequently about democracy and foreign policy were conservatives who had aimed to carve out some idea of an Asian community (e.g., Aso’s “arc of freedom and prosperity”) that would somehow not involve China. My sense is that this was an ideological angle for many conservatives who had earlier believed in Asian values or an Asian cultural community that Japan would lead, only to realize that the rising China certainly has “Asian” credentials at least equal to Japan’s. But these tropes, discussed in Abe’s book Utsukushii kuni e and Aso’s Totetsumonai Nihon [Japan, the tremendous] (Tokyo: Shincho¯ sha, 2007), were only lightly covered in the press, and indeed the Diet members, mostly Abe loyalists, who were part of a “values-based diplomacy” study group were key members of a group taking out an ad in the Washington Post rejecting a U.S. House of Representatives resolution that Japan should apologize more forthrightly for the “comfort women.” They hardly are the first group to whom I would turn for solutions to history debates. On the history and territory disputes, I think that Abe and Park could make headway, and certainly both have some incentive to leverage friendship with one another against a China whose growth presents challenges (though opportunities too, of course) to both nations. But I find it very unlikely that they will do so in any meaningful or sustainable sense. The key problem is that no one can afford to be a first mover. Abe, I think, would be loath to be seen making any overtures to South Korea on the Dokdo/Takeshima dispute, and he has already been truculent on the comfort women issue. Park would likewise risk losing some of her initial popularity if she were seen handing over Korean territory to Tokyo, even if the two countries were merely discussing the kind of resource-sharing arrangement that, I think, most sane people think will have to be part of the solution for both sets of Japan’s territorial disputes. And this is why I worry about the prospects. I think that the diplomats in all countries recognize that uninhabited islands are not worth risking combat over, but face querulous publics that would penalize any elected leader quite quickly if they were seen to initiate some kind of conciliatory move. President Park isn’t going to take the step of negotiating the sovereignty of islands over which the ROK has de facto control, and any effort to take a conciliatory step on the part of Prime Minister Abe would provoke harsh responses from within his own LDP as well as the Japan Restoration Party. It would also be taken within Japan as a panic-inducing bellwether over the possibility of making concessions to China on the Senkaku/Diaoyu issues. I wish I saw a glimmer of hope in the impasse, but instead what we see on each side (as between Japan and China in their territorial dispute) is the effort by government officials and private citizens alike to find the smoking gun—that seventeenth-century map, that 1974 diplomatic statement, that sidebar agreement in 1988, that whatever—that proves incontrovertibly that the rocks are theirs. And these struggles have become more rather than less intense. Again, no one who is sane wants to fight over the islands, but many military conflicts have started over miscalculation and brinkmanship rather than clear design. Like Alexis Dudden, who has written an excellent book on the apology debate between Japan and South Korea and has been doing further research on the territorial disputes, I would like to see a more active American role in this. I know that Victor will disagree with me, and I recognize the risks to the United States in willfully inserting itself into a debate in which the claims on both sides are so heated. I also accept that my own views on this are likely shaped by my sense that the United States has some moral responsibility to try to resolve this. Having drafted the postwar peace agreement, the United States is hardly an innocent bystander, watching as two unruly children fight over a set of blocks. I realize that a public American acknowledgment of responsibility is out of the question. But Washington’s exasperation with the gamesmanship between the two governments rests to some degree on an unwillingness to recognize just how intractable history issues are in democracies; I mean, even President Obama, decried by his campaign opponent as a chronic apologizer, had nothing to offer about the past in his trip to Cambodia last year. If any U.S. president were to apologize for bombing Cambodia or Laos, not to mention anything the United States did to Vietnam, he or she would have no prospect for reelection and would likely badly damage his or her own party’s prospects. If those wars—with no lingering territorial issues for the United States, without longterm colonial domination by the United States, and with the United States not viewing any of the three countries as a current rival—could produce an unyielding position on history that is internationally acceptable only because the power imbalances are so severe, why would we expect that cooler heads simply should prevail between our democratic and much more evenly matched allies in the region? Just because they should, or because we don’t see the value in the islands? American officials often describe the United States as having an indispensable role in the Pacific. In this sense, the much ballyhooed American “pivot” toward Asia isn’t some kind of new event, but rather an acknowledgment of the obvious: we have been here all along. I realize that a more assertive American role in the territory and history disputes is exceptionally unlikely and certainly risky, but I am not sure that its current stance—shouting at the players to work it out for themselves—is much of a winning strategy either. It certainly isn’t leadership. And given my experience in terms of American debates about its own history in the Pacific, not to mention the pattern of tensions between Japan and South Korea, I see little reason to be optimistic. 빅터 챠는 이 의견에 대해 일케일케 반대론을 편 후 자기는 한국과 일본이 과거사문제 해결에 진전을 볼 거라고 낙관적으로 전망한다고 주장했습니다. 그리고 결과는 아시는대로... 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빅터 차씨가 대략 어떤 의견으로 반박을 했었나요?
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