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홍차넷
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티타임
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- 다양한 주제에 대해 자유롭게 글을 작성하는 게시판입니다.
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전체기타일상/생각꿀팁/강좌방송/연예도서/문학영화의료/건강문화/예술경제생활체육과학/기술철학/종교정치요리/음식역사여행육아/가정IT/컴퓨터음악창작게임스포츠사회오프모임
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| Date |
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| Name | 삼공파일 |
| Subject | [과학철학] 과학이란 과학자들이 하는 것이다 |
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무엇이 과학이냐 아니냐 혹은 어떤 방법이 과학적이냐 아니냐는 사람들이 매우 자주 토론하는 문제입니다. 이 문제의 역사는 뿌리가 깊지만, 처음으로 이 문제를 이론적으로 제대로 지적하고 구체화한 인물은 칼 포퍼(Karl Popper)입니다. 칼 포퍼는 이 문제를 구획 문제(Problem of demarcation)라고 이름 붙이고 반증가능성(falsifiability)라는 개념을 만들어 해결책을 제시했습니다. 이후 토머스 쿤(Thomas Kuhn)을 비롯한 몇몇 천재들이 이 토론에 뛰어들면서 20세기 초반에 과학철학이 철학의 중요한 한 분야로 발전하게 됩니다. 그리하여 칼 포퍼가 어떤 이야기들을 했는지 간단히 짚어보고 이를 몇 가지 사례에 적용시켜 보고 과학과 유사과학을 구별하는 방법에 대해 말씀 드리려는 것이 이 글을 쓰게 된 목적이…… 아닙니다. 일단 우리가 왜 무엇이 과학인지 아닌지에 대해서 열을 올리게 되었는지 떠올려 봅시다. 저는 문화적으로 우리 한국인들의 사고방식에 과학주의와 합리주의가 깊이 스며 들어있고 때로는 이러한 특성이 부작용을 낳는다고 생각하지만, 무엇이 과학이냐 아니냐의 논쟁이 불거지는 경우는 거의 예외 없이 전세계가 공통적입니다. 유사과학을 하는 사람들이 자신들의 작업이 과학이라고 주장할 때죠. 요즘은 약간 말을 바꿔서 과학적 방법을 사용한다거나 과학이 다루지 못하는 영역을 살펴본다는 식으로 주장하지만 결국 말은 똑같습니다. 이런 주장은 앞으로도 여기저기서 계속 나타날 텐데 과연 어떻게 대처하는 것이 좋을까요? “조류학이 새가 나는데 유용한 만큼만 과학철학은 과학자에게 유용하다.” 천재 물리학자로 유명한 리처드 파인만이 한 말입니다. 뒷동산에 올라갔는데 정체 모를 무언가가 푸드덕거리더니 하늘로 날아갔다면 우리는 대충 새가 날아갔다는 사실을 확신할 수 있습니다. 적당히 까치나 까마귀, 비둘기 같은 새는 구분할 수도 있죠. 그런데 어느 날 누가 박쥐 보고 새라고 주장한다면 애매할 수 있습니다. 이럴 때 가장 좋은 판단 방법은 주변에 새를 잘 아는 사람한테 물어보거나 윤무부 박사님께 여쭤보는 것입니다. 아마 일상 언어로 풀어서 잘 설명해주겠죠. 과학인지 아닌지 구별하는 방법도 똑같습니다. 과학자라고 인정 받는 전문가 집단이 과학이라고 인정하면 과학이고 과학이라고 인정하지 않으면 과학이 아닌 것이죠. 과학자를 굳이 만나지 않아도 더 간단한 방법은, 그 내용이 저널에 실렸는지 확인해보면 됩니다. 저널마다 과학자 전문가 집단을 심사위원으로 선정하여 엄밀하게 검증한 내용만 통과시키는 시스템을 갖추고 있습니다. 이러한 시스템에 통과하는 것만 과학이라고 볼 수 있는 것이죠. 그렇지만 철학자나 역사학자의 입장에서 보자면, 저렇게 엉성한 기준으로 과학이 무엇인지 결정할 수는 없겠죠. 이 문제가 칼 포퍼와 토머스 쿤을 사로잡았고 반증가능성과 패러다임(paradigm)이라는 개념이 만들어진 것입니다. 그런데 일상에서 우리가 어떤 이야기들이 과학인지 아닌지 판단하는데 철학적 사유나 이론이 필요할까요? 저는 이러한 논의들이 매우 소모적이며 불필요하다고 생각합니다. 위에 밝혔듯이 저널에 올라와 있느냐 정도를 기준으로만 봐도 충분합니다. 얼마나 “좋은” 과학인지는 인용횟수로 판단하면 될 것입니다. 한의학에 대한 논의도 한의학이 과학이냐 아니냐에 대한 질문이라면 “과학이 아니다” 내지는 “최소한 좋은 과학은 아니다”라고 결론 내릴 수 있겠죠. 한의학이 보이는 임상적 효과는 판단 기준이 될 수 없습니다. 그 임상적 효과를 저널에 내서 인정 받으면 그 때 의미가 있는 것이죠. 그러한 의미에서 의학 저널에 실리지 못하는 한의학은 분명 의학은 아닌 셈이죠. 미국 중심으로 과학계가 재편된 이후 오랫동안 작동해왔던 이 체계가 많은 비판을 받기도 하지만 사실상 대안이 없습니다. 동료 검증(peer review)이라고 알려진 이 시스템에 대한 이론적 연구도 쿤과 포퍼와 동시대를 살았던 임레 라카토슈(Imre Lakatos)라는 철학자가 이미 해두었습니다. 쿤과 마찬가지로 포퍼에 대해 비판적 태도를 견지하는데, 과도한 생략을 동반하여 설명하자면 과학자의 연구는 과학적 방법론에 의해 수행되지는 않지만 그들에 의해 누적된 연구 결과는 일종의 법칙이 되어 과학이 된다는 이야기죠. 그런데 더욱 더 중요한 점은 이 논의들이 현재까지 생명력을 갖고 있지 않다는 사실입니다. 포퍼와 쿤의 이론은 물리학이 가장 절정으로 꽃피던 시기에 나타난 것들입니다. 포퍼는 반증가능성의 가장 중요한 모티브를 아인슈타인 상대성 이론의 검증 실험에서 얻었다고 말했고, 쿤은 그 자신이 유능한 물리학자였죠. 그렇지만 애석하게도 지금은 물리학의 시대가 아닙니다. 우리 모두가 잘 알고 있듯이, 생물학의 시대, 의학의 시대, 나노과학의 시대, 컴퓨터과학의 시대죠. 펜 한 자루로 우주를 누비거나 세계를 돌며 표본을 채취하다가 천재적인 영감으로 불멸의 법칙을 만들어내는 사람들이 아직도 있고 그들 역시 과학자이지만, 대부분의 과학자들은 이제 그런 일을 하지 않습니다. 이런 비유를 들고 싶습니다. 50년 전에는 박쥐가 새인지 아닌지 박쥐를 해부해서 확인하는 것이 가장 확실했다면, 이제는 DNA 검사가 가장 확실한 방법일 것입니다. 쿤과 포퍼는 그렇게 박쥐를 해부하던 사람들이었던 것이죠. 그들이 가지고 있던 해부학적 지식은 지금 매우 유용하게 여기저기서 쓰이고 있지만 이제 더 이상 새인지 아닌지 구분하는 데는 쓰이지 않습니다. 다만, DNA 검사보다 박쥐의 해부학적 특징 몇 가지를 설명하는 것이 훨씬 직관적이므로 부리가 없다거나 하는 식의 일상적인 용법으로 아직도 새를 구분할 때 쓰일 수 있는 것이죠. 비관적인 분위기의 글이 되어 버리고 말았는데, 결론적으로 과학과 유사과학을 구별하는 방법은 아주 간단하다는 이야기를 하고 싶습니다. 1. 과학인지 아닌지 모르겠다면 주변에 과학자에게 물어보세요. 2. 이미 물어보는 그 순간, 당신의 직관을 의심시킨 그것은 과학이 아닙니다. P.S. 과학인지 아닌지에 대한 질문을 회피하지만 과학인지 아닌지에 대한 이야기를 하고 있는 모든 것들은 “사실 나도 과학이야”라고 여러분을 유혹하고 있는 중입니다. Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 133 Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 146 Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 161 1 이 게시판에 등록된 삼공파일님의 최근 게시물 |
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Warning: Use of undefined constant use_comment - assumed 'use_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 540
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 542
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 543
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 545
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 576
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 577
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 577
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 577
Warning: Use of undefined constant grant_delete - assumed 'grant_delete' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 577
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 425
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 429
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_formmail - assumed 'use_formmail' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 605
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 599
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 599
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 600
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 600
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 605
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 605
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 609
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 609
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 614
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 616
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 618
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 618
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 612
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 612
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 620
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 628
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 628
Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 640
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 644
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 646
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 646
Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/cmt_replace.php on line 3
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 6
Warning: Use of undefined constant file_name - assumed 'file_name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 28
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 65
1903 class="iamcmt" style="display:none;"> Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 66
1903 class='vcm '>
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 70
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 71
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 76
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 117
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 118
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 119
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 120
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 121
1903'> 별
Warning: Use of undefined constant mod_date - assumed 'mod_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 133
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 142
15/06/01 03:23
1903>삭제 주소복사
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 150
밑의 1, 2번이 핵심이군요.
결국 저널에 실리는 게 핵심인 건 맞는 것 같아요.
좋은 글 감사합니다. :)
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
결국 저널에 실리는 게 핵심인 건 맞는 것 같아요.
좋은 글 감사합니다. :)
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
1903>
1903>
