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홍차넷
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티타임
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- 다양한 주제에 대해 자유롭게 글을 작성하는 게시판입니다.
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전체기타일상/생각꿀팁/강좌방송/연예도서/문학영화의료/건강문화/예술경제생활체육과학/기술철학/종교정치요리/음식역사여행육아/가정IT/컴퓨터음악창작게임스포츠사회오프모임
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| Date |
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| Name | 기아트윈스 |
| Subject | [언어] 가카의 기원 |
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상대방의 이름을 부르는 행위는 동서고금을 막론하고 무례한 행동으로 꼽힙니다. 여러가지 원인이 있겠지만 한가지 확실한 건 이게 선사시대까지도 거슬러올라간다는 사실입니다. 우리가 흔히 선사시대 커뮤니티로 꼽는, 문자생활을 해본 적이 없는 오지 사회를 연구해보면 상대방의 이름을 부르는 것이 일종의 저주로 작용한다는 걸 알 수 있습니다. 그래서 이름을 어떻게 부를 것이냐는 당연히 한 사회 내에서의 힘의 차이를 반영합니다. 강자는 약자의 이름을 부르지만 약자는 강자의 이름을 감히 함부로 부르지 못합니다. 그런데 언어생활을 하다보면 당연히 강자든 약자든 상대방을 지시할 말이 필요하고, 이 때문에 이름을 부르지 않으면서도 상대방을 지시할 수 있는 다양한 방법들이 개발됩니다. 서구의 경우는 많이들 알고 계시는 것처럼 Your Majesty 같은 표현들이 있습니다. 문자 그대로 받아들일 경우 지금 본인은 너님을 바로 가리켜 이야기하는 게 아니라 너님의 존엄함에게 이야기하고 있다는 말이 됩니다. 마찬가지로 Your Excellency (너님의 뛰어남), Your Highness (너님의 고결함), Your Holiness (너님의 신성함) 같은 표현들이 있습니다. 동양의 경우는 하 (下)로 끝나는 표현들이 다 그런 류입니다. 예컨대 황제는 뭐라고 부르지요? 피에에에하 (陛下) 입니다. 이 폐라는 이름의 섬돌은 궁전에 올라가기 위해서 거쳐야 하는 계단인데요, 이 폐라는 종류의 계단이 아마 예제상 황제만 쓸 수 있는 걸 겁니다. 문자 그대로 번역하자면 지금 신하인 나님은 너님을 직접 부르는 게 아니라 너님께서 계신 궁전 아래 섬돌 발치 부분과 이야기하고 있는 거임. 뭐 그런 뜻입니다. 조선시대 사극을 보면 왕을 부를 때 즈으으으어언하 (殿下)라고 합니다. 아마 폐하라는 표현은 못들어보셨을 거에요 (들어봤다면 그건 고증실패). 조선의 왕은 황제보다 한 급 아래이기 때문에 그 어떤 상황에서도 폐하가 될 수 없습니다. 살고 있는 곳이 궁전이니 궁전 아래 정도라고 하면 적당합니다. 살고 있는 곳, 혹은 주로 직무를 보는 관청 이름이 XX합(XX閤)인 경우도 있습니다. 정일품 벼슬을 할 경우 그래서 하퐈-! (閤下) 라고 불렀습니다. 드라마 명성황후를 보면 사람들이 대원군에게 자꾸 대워니하퐈인지 대워니하빠인지 하고 부르지요? 그게 대원위 합하(大院位 閤下) 입니다. 이도저도 안되는 일반인이라 하더라도 함부로 야 너 하고 부를 수는 없습니다. 특히 편지글에선 더 그런데요, 얼굴 보고 이야기할 땐 안 생겼을 오해가 편지에선 생길 수 있지 않겠어요? 그래서 편지에서 상대방을 언급할 땐 조까 (足下)라고 부릅니다. 지금 내가 너님에게 바로 편지를 보내는 게 아니라 너님 발밑에 보내는 거라고 직역할 수 있겠습니다. 편지글을 보다보면 가끔 집사 (執事)라는 표현도 많이 보이는 데요, 마찬가지로 내가 감히 너님께 직접 편지를 보내는 게 아니라 너님의 집사 알프레드에게 보내는 거니 알프레드가 받아서 너님께 알려줬으면 한다는 존경 표현입니다. 다른 방법으로 귀하(貴下) 같은 표현을 쓸 수도 있습니다. 존귀하신 당신 발치라는 뜻인데, 상대방이 딱히 관직이나 타이틀 같은 게 없을 경우 간편하게 쓸 수 있는 표현이지요. 원래 동양에 없던 표현인 데 서양어를 번역하다가 생긴 표현도 있습니다. 예컨대 Your Holiness 같은 표현을 번역하고자 했을 때 당연히 당시 동양 지식인들은 "아, 하(下)자 돌림으로 만들면 되겠네" 라고 생각했을 겁니다. 그래서 만든 표현이 성하(聖下). 가카 (閣下)는 원래 있던 표현이었습니다. 고급 관료들의 오피스가 XX각인 경우가 많았기에 높은 분들을 가카라고 부르는 것도 당연했지요. 그러다가 서구 국가들과 교류를 하게 되는데 보니까 Your Majesty니 Your Excellency니 하는 표현들을 쓰는 거 아니겠어요. Your Majesty야 임금한테 쓰는 말이니 전하라고 번역하면 될 테고, Your Excellency는 아주 높은 관료들을 그렇게 부르는 걸 보니 우리의 가카같은 건 가 보다 하는 생각에 가카라고 번역하게 되었(을겁니)다. (사료를 확인해본 건 아니에요 '-';) Your Excellency는, 최소 영국의 경우, 식민지에 파견된 총독 (Governor-General)들을 부를 때 쓰던 말입니다. 그러다보니 니혼진들도 식민지를 건설하고 거기 담당자를 파견할 때 총독 가카를 파견하게 된 거지요. 이 표현이 어쩌다가 우리 근대사의 가카들을 가리키는 말이 되었는지에 대해선 솔직히 잘 모르겠습니다. 아마도 높은 관직에 있는 이들을 가리키는 보편적인 존경 표현으로 조선시대 엘리트들 사이에서 통용되다가 식민지 시기를 거치며 총독가카의 이미지가 덧씌워지고 그래서 최고통치자의 호칭이라는 이미지가 생성되고 그래서 해방 이후에도 대통령을 가카라고 부르다보니 어쩌다가 여기까지 흘러내려온 게 아닐까 싶습니다. 대통령 즈언하라고 부를 수도 없고, 대통령 피에하라고 부를 수도 없고, 대통령 귀하나 대통령 하뽜, 대통령 조까(...)는 더욱 이상하다보니 그냥 가카로 굳어진 게 아닐까 하고 짐작해 볼 수도 있겠네요. 음, 사료가 뒷받침 된 정밀한 논증은 후에 눈시님 같은 분들이 해주시는 걸로 남겨두고 저는 이만.. ;) Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 133 Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 146 Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 161 4 이 게시판에 등록된 기아트윈스님의 최근 게시물
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Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 605
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 609
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 609
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 614
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 616
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 618
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 618
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 612
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 612
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 620
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 628
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 628
Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 640
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 644
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 646
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 646
Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/cmt_replace.php on line 3
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 6
Warning: Use of undefined constant file_name - assumed 'file_name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 28
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 65
20712 class="iamcmt" style="display:none;"> Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 66
20712 class='vcm '>
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 70
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 71
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 76
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 117
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 118
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 119
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 120
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 121
20712'> April_fool
Warning: Use of undefined constant mod_date - assumed 'mod_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 133
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 142
15/11/01 22:39
20712>삭제 주소복사
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 150
가카 하면 역시 [각하, 시원하시겠습니다!]부터 떠오르는 1人
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
20712>
20712>
