Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 278
홍차넷
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 34
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 45
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 47
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 51
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 237
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 34
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 45
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 47
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 51
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 237
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/zero_header.php on line 269
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/zero_header.php on line 300
Warning: Use of undefined constant title - assumed 'title' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/bbs_title.php on line 16
티타임
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/bbs_title.php on line 21
Warning: Use of undefined constant header - assumed 'header' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/bbs_title.php on line 31
- 다양한 주제에 대해 자유롭게 글을 작성하는 게시판입니다.
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_formmail - assumed 'use_formmail' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 519
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_category - assumed 'use_category' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/include/print_category.php on line 9
전체기타일상/생각꿀팁/강좌방송/연예도서/문학영화의료/건강문화/예술경제생활체육과학/기술철학/종교정치요리/음식역사여행육아/가정IT/컴퓨터음악창작게임스포츠사회오프모임
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/setup.php on line 29
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/setup.php on line 41
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Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
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Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
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Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 389
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 398
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
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Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
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Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
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Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
Warning: Use of undefined constant subject - assumed 'subject' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 402
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 405
Warning: Use of undefined constant total_comment - assumed 'total_comment' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 406
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Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 403
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Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 2
Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/memo_replace.php on line 3
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 10
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_category - assumed 'use_category' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 40
| Date |
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 53 22/02/06 15:42:38 Warning: Use of undefined constant mod_date - assumed 'mod_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 56 수정됨 |
| Name | 소요 |
| Subject | 학습과 뇌: 스스로를 위해 공부합시다 |
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2018년에 미국 과학공학의학 한림원에서 발간한 '인간은 어떻게 배우는가? How People Learn II'의 3장 일부입니다. 원문은 https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24783/how-people-learn-ii-learners-contexts-and-cultures 에서 보실 수 있습니다. 학습과 뇌 - 지난 15년 간 학습 과학의 두드러지는 진전은 자궁에 있을 때부터 성인기까지 이어지는 뇌의 발전 과정에 대한 이해 - 영아는 태어날 때부터 학습할 수 있는 능력을 지니고, 배울 준비를 마치고 나오며 - 초기 아동기의 관계와 경험은 발달에 핵심적 영향을 주고 - 개인의 생물학적 특징과 사회적 경험은 발달적 결과들을 결정하는데 동등하게 영향을 끼침 주요 연구 결과들을 종합하면 1) 경험과 유전은 모두 관찰되는 인간 발달의 다양성의 영향을 끼침 2) 인간 뇌는 수정부터, 20대 초, 노화 과정을 넘어 계속 발달. 생명 유지 및 자율 신경에 관련된 기능이 먼저, 인지/운동/감각/지각적 과정이 다음, 복잡한 통합 과정/가치중심적/장기적 의사 결정 과정이 마지막 3) 이른 시기에 겪는 역경은 뇌 발달과 다른 핵심 기능들에 단/장기적인 영향을 끼침 태아기 그리고 평생에 걸친 뇌 발달과 성숙 - 태아기는 새로운 뉴런, 시냅스, 수초화 된 축색 돌기가 주로 형성되는 시기. 뇌가 필요로 하는 것 이상으로 구조적 요소가 형성. 이런 빠른 발달은 청소년기까지 지속 - 왕성한 성장에서 불구하고, 시냅스와 뉴런은 또한 가지치기 되며, 이 과정은 사춘기 이후에도 지속. 계속해서 쓰이는 시냅스는 남고, 그렇지 않은 시냅스는 가지치기 됨. 필요없는 시냅스를 잘라내는 건 뇌의 네트워킹 능력과 대뇌피질의 효율성을 증진. 이 가지치기 과정은 환경적 요소에 영향을 받음 - 환경적 자극과 훈련은 평생에 걸쳐 두뇌 발달에 영향을 줌. 피질 및 피질 하부의 신호 회로가 비슷한 기능끼리 묶여 네트워크화 되는 것도 평생에 걸쳐 일어남. 이러한 구조와 연합된 회로는 신경망 체계의 기초를 이룸 - 40대 초부터 대뇌 피질의 두터움과 연결성에 변화가 일어나며, 인지력 감퇴의 시초로 보임. 이러한 변화는 학습을 지원하는 뇌의 부분들이 전반적인 생리적 특징이라는 관점에서 안정적인 시기 이후에 일어남 학습에 반응하는 뇌의 적응 - 뇌는 분할된 처리장치들의 집합이 아니라, 복잡한 상호 연결된 시스템을 운영. 뇌의 한 부분만 이용하는 (학습된) 능력은 없으며, 하나의 기능만 지닌 뇌의 부분도 없음. 학습과 학문적 능력을 지원하는 뇌 시스템은 우리의 인간성에 통합된 뇌 시스템과 같음 - 학습자는 자신의 사회적/인지적/물리적 맥락을 탐색하면서 역동적이고 적극적으로 자신의 뇌 네트워크를 구성. 뇌는 경험을 구성하고, 경험에 의해 구성됨. 인간의 뇌는 경험, 해석, 필요, 문화, 사고 패턴에 따라 다르게 발전. 뇌의 발달과 구조에 내부적인 특징들은 한 개인이 세계에 참여하는 방식을 제한 - 뇌는 문화적 진보나 새로운 도전 같은 새로운 현장에 적응하는 놀라운 능력을 지님. 이러한 적응은 일반적으로 진화에 연관된 시간 프레임보다 짧은 시간에 일어났음. 예를 들어 문자 언어와 수학은 인간 집단이 (진화적인 관점에서) 상대적으로 짧은 시기 동안 경험한 능력. 어떻게 이런 일이 가능? 신경 조직들의 공유와 재활용 - 먼저, 인간은 다른 목적으로 진화한 뇌 영역과 회로들을 재활용하여 새로운 인지적 과제를 해결. 뇌의 회로들은 서로 다른 형태의 학습 속에서 다양한 방식으로 결합. 다른 형태의 학습이 서로 다른 두뇌 매커니즘을 이용하는 것이 아니라, 겉보기에는 매우 달라보이는 학습 행동들이 두뇌 회로망을 공유 새로운 요구 상황에 대한 '조정' - 다음으로, 뇌는 자신의 부분들을 한 사람의 생애 과정에 걸친 요구와 경험에 맞춰 '조정'하기에 충분한 적응 능력을 지님. 뇌과학자들은 이상적인 수준의 자극이 주어졌을 때 뇌가 보이는 강력한 반응을 설명하기 위해 '조정'이라는 단어를 사용 - 신경 조정은 경험에 대한 반응으로 일어나며, 개별 학습자의 두뇌가 다르게 조직되는 이유의 일부이기도 함 적응의 다양한 시간 프레임 - 두뇌가 새로운 문화적 요구사항들을 어떻게 효과적으로 수용하게 되는가에 대한 설명은 세 가지 시간적 스케일의 적응과 연관. 1) 두뇌를 포함한 신체의 느린 진화로, 이는 생존과 재생산이라는 도전에 반응하여 일어남. 2) 도구와 기술로 대표되는 제작으로, 인간의 문화적 진보라는 과정에서 일어남. 3) 문화 내에서 한 개인의 특정한 역할과 문화의 요구에 맞춰 일어나는 적응으로, 한 개인의 생애 과정 속에서 두뇌에 일어남 - 인간 두뇌의 느린 진화는 문화적 변화의 빠른 속도에 대비되며, 무엇이 효율적으로 학습 가능한 가에 대한 단서를 제시. 인간은 특정한 바이어스를 안고 태어남. 예를 들면 음식, 재생산, 사회적 상호작용 등에 관련된 맥락과 목표에 관심을 지니도록 태어남 - 인간의 역량에 더 잘 맞도록 변화하는 문화적 진보 능력은 또다른 지렛대 지점을 제시. 인간의 자연적인 학습 능력을 활용하도록 기술을 적용. 예를 들어 컴퓨터 기반 튜터링 시스템은 인간 학생과 교사 사이의 상호작용 양식을 모방 - 변화의 마지막 지렛대 지점은 문화적 맥락에 대한 반응 속에서 변화하는 인간의 능력. 문화에 따라 매우 다른 학습 궤적이 발견되고는 함. 일생에 걸쳐 두뇌에 일어나는 학습과 관련된 변화 - 초기 아동기와 청소년기에 일어나는 극적인 두뇌의 재조직화는 교육에 시사점을 주지만, 발달뇌과학과 인간 행동 연구를 교수 실천과 교육 정책에 연결하는 것은 복잡함. 하지만 교육자들은 몇몇 발달뇌과학 연구 결과들을 교수 실천의 개선을 위해 활용 가능 - 아동기의 대뇌피질 성숙 절차는 발달적인 지표와 평행하게 발달하며 행동에 반영. 사춘기 이전에 대뇌피질이 두터워지는 시기를 지나, 사춘기 이후에 대뇌피질이 솎아지는(thinning) 시기가 되면 관계, (학습) 기회, 마음의 습관이 직접적으로 두뇌의 해부구조와 연결성에 영향을 주게 됨. 최근의 발달 뇌괴학은 어떻게 의사소통 네트워크와 규제가 형성되고 지속되며, 어떻게 나이와 경험에 따라 미묘하게 변화하는지에 초점을 맞춤. 사회적 참여와 인지적 활동은 노년기 성인 또한 건강한 두뇌와 정신을 지니도록 도움 - 생애에 걸친 뇌의 발달에 대한 사실은 중요한 함의를 지님. 뇌의 발달은 초기 3세 시기를 넘어 20대와 그 이후까지 지속. 이는 공교육 시기 전체에 걸침. 그리고 뇌는 계속해서 학습과 경험의 결과로 구조적인 변화를 겪으며, 이러한 변화는 노년기까지 이어짐. 학습의 핵심적인 매커니즘은 생애 전체에 걸쳐 효과적으로 기능 - 어떻게 뇌 발달이 학습과 행동을 지원하고 제한하는지, 그리고 결과적으로 학습 기회가 뇌 발달에 어떻게 다시 영향을 미치는지 인지하는 것이 중요. 어린 시기에 시설에 맡겨진 학생들에 대한 조사 결과는 심리사회적, 언어적, 감각적 박탈이 뇌의 전반적인 크기(회색질/백색질 모두)와 뇌의 전기적 활동에 극적인 감소를 불러일으킨다고 보고. 하지만 2세 이전에 좋은 양육 환경으로 다시 옮겨진다면 IQ는 눈에 띄게 상승. - 문화적으로 고유한, 그리고 문화적으로 보편적인 신경 구조와 기능이 존재. 문화적인 실천에 반복적으로 참여하는 것이 이러한 과제를 완료하는 것에 관련된 뇌의 경로를 강화. 결과적으로 뇌 구조의 기능의 변화를 이끔 - 현재 탐색 중인 일종의 보상적 모델로는, 나이가 들더라도 신경망이 협업하는 방식에는 유연성이 존재할 수 있으며, 과제가 요구하는 것이 이러한 네트워크 연결의 성질에 영향을 끼친다는 것이 존재. 또한 초기 생애 경험이 효과적인 보상 능력을 위한 단계를 설정할 수 있다는 보고도 있음. 이를테면 이중언어 능력의 습득이 노년에 인지적 탄력성을 준다는 연구 - 평생에 걸친 학습이 두뇌 구조 변화와 직접적으로 연결된다고 볼 수는 없지만, 해당 연구들의 여러 시사점이 존재. 1) 초창기의 환경적 영향이 향후의 학습과 발전을 위한 신경적 비계(scaffolding)을 놓음. 2) 나이에 연관된 두뇌 구조의 많은 변화는 중년과 노년기에 걸쳐 일어나는 점진적 변화이기에, 나이와 선형적 관계를 맺지는 않음. 또한 두뇌 구조의 변화가 모든 두뇌 영역에 동일하게 작용하지는 않음. 3) 대뇌피질의 두터움, 질량, 연결성이 나이에 따라 감소하는 것처럼 보이더라도, 노인들은 한 능력에서의 감소를 다른 혹은 추가적인 신경 매커니즘을 동원하여 보상 가능. 신경가소성(neural plasticity)은 노인들이 어떻게 이러한 보상을 할 수 있는지를 부분적으로 설명 Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 133 Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 146 Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 161 30
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Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 65
168763 class="iamcmt" style="display:none;"> Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 66
168763 class='vcm '>
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 70
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 71
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 76
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 117
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 118
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 119
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 120
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 121
168763'> 늘쩡
Warning: Use of undefined constant mod_date - assumed 'mod_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 133
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 142
22/02/06 19:04
168763>삭제 주소복사
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 150
그러니까, 디아블로 레저렉션이랑 와우 클래식 그만하고 새로 나오는 게임 배워서 하라는 거죠? ㅠ
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 168
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 168
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 168
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 168
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 168
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 168
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 168
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 168
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 168
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
4
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 168
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 168
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 168
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 168
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 168
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 168
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 168
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 168
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 168
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
4
168763>
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