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홍차넷
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티타임
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- 다양한 주제에 대해 자유롭게 글을 작성하는 게시판입니다.
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전체기타일상/생각꿀팁/강좌방송/연예도서/문학영화의료/건강문화/예술경제생활체육과학/기술철학/종교정치요리/음식역사여행육아/가정IT/컴퓨터음악창작게임스포츠사회오프모임
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| Date |
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| Name | 삼공파일 |
| File #1 | 1.JPG (105.0 KB), Download : 11 |
| File #2 | 2.JPG (62.3 KB), Download : 8 |
| Subject | 중국의 푸른 쑥에서 찾아낸 말라리아 치료제 [청호소青蒿素] |
  2015년도 노벨 생리학/의학 부문 수상자가 발표되었는데 중국이 처음으로 과학 부문에서 수상했습니다. 그것도 여성 과학자가 말이죠. 屠呦呦 Tu Youyou라는 85세의 의학자로 2011년에 이미 노벨상의 전조라고 볼 수도 있는 Lasker 상을 수상했다고 합니다. 새로운 말라리아 치료제를 개발에 공헌한 것을 인정 받은 것으로 사상충증 치료제를 개발한 서양인(?) 두 명과 공동 수상입니다. 마르코 폴로님이 쓰신 화타가 기생충 감염을 진단한 일화와도 연관이 있어서 재미있네요. 개인적으로는 학부 때 관심 있었던 유기화학, 의약화학 분야라 더 인상 깊기도 하고요. 매우 흥미로워서 이것 저것 검색하다가 2011년에 Nature medicine에 직접 투고한 commentary를 읽고 요약해봅니다. http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v17/n10/full/nm.2471.html 말라리아는 인류 최대의 적이라는 질병입니다. 지금도 아프리카에서 가장 많은 사망의 원인이 되고 있고 동남아시아, 북한에서도 심각한 상황입니다. 선진국에서 말라리아의 퇴치를 위해서 열대 의학이라는 개념을 창시하고 많은 노력을 기울이고 있지만 실패를 거듭합니다. 50년 대에 DDT 사용이 금지된 이후 모기 개체 수가 급격이 증가되었고 말라리아도 덩달아 많아졌습니다. 말라리아는 원래 chloroquine이라는 약제를 사용하여 치료했지만, 곧 chloroquine에 내성을 가진 말라리아가 출현하면서 인류의 수 천년 난제는 해결이 점차 요원해졌습니다. (한국은 chloroquine 내성이 가장 심한 나라 중 하나입니다.) 요요 투는 55년에 의대를 졸업하고 62년까지 트레이닝을 받고 나와서 중국 약초 의학 연구원에서 연구를 시작했습니다. 67년에 연구원에서 말라리아 치료제 개발을 위한 Project 523을 시작했고 요요 투가 책임자가 됩니다. 중국 약초에서 추출물을 뽑아내 말라리아 치료제를 만들겠다는 구상으로 막연한 출발을 한 것이죠. 처음에는 2,000 종류 이상의 약초에서 추출물을 뽑아내 640개 정도에서 항말라리아 효과를 봤다고 합니다. 다시 200 종류의 약초에서 380개의 추출물로 쥐 모델 실험을 시작했는데 역시나 잘 안됐다고 하는군요. 그러던 와중에 Artemisia annu L. 이라는 식물에서 뽑아낸 추출물이 상당한 항말라리아 효과를 보이면서 연구에 터닝 포인트가 되었습니다. 그렇지만 이 효과에 재연성reproducibility이 떨어지면서 이 약초에 대한 문헌을 검색하기로 합니다. 찾던 중에, 딱 하나 동진 시대에 연금술사(?)이자 의사였던 갈홍Ge Hong이 쓴 주후비급방(肘後備急方)에 기록이 있었습니다. (도교에서 신으로 모셔지는 사람 중 하나라고 합니다.) “청호青蒿를 한 주먹을 물 2리터에 잠기게 하여 달인 다음, 그 물을 모두 마시게 하라” 이 아이디어에 착상한 연구팀은 추출물을 끓여서 활성물을 파괴시킨 뒤에 식혀서 항말라리아 효과를 확인합니다. 그런데 놀랍게도 효과가 훨씬 증가합니다. 결국 71년에 쥐와 원숭이 모델에서 실험을 마치고, 새로운 말라리아 치료제를 내놓게 됩니다. 그런데 70년대 중국은 문화 혁명 중이라서 임상 시험을 할 형편이 아니었습니다. 그래서 어느 훌륭한 의학자들의 일화에도 있듯이 연구팀과 요요 투는 자기들이 직접 투약하여 인체 안전성 시험을 통과한 셈칩니다. 그리고 하이난 지방으로 가서 직접 환자들에게 임상 시험을 시작합니다. Chloroquine이 듣지 않는 환자들에서도 뛰어난 치료 효과를 보였고 이 결과에 힘입어 본격적으로 분리와 정제를 연구합니다. 72년에 추출물의 분자 구조를 밝히고 중국어로 청호소青蒿素, 영어로는 artemisinin이라는 이름을 붙입니다. (여기서부터 외계어를 좀 쓰겠습니다.) 282Da 짜리 작은 분자로 colorless crystalline 인 이 물질은 sesquiterpene lactone입니다. Sesqui-는 1.5배라는 뜻의 라틴어이고 terpene은 isoprene을 기본 단위로 하는 분자를 뜻합니다. 친숙한 예를 들면 Steroid는 생체 내에서 triterpene인 squalene으로부터 합성되는 물질이죠. 비슷하게 sesquiterpene이 lactone ring을 형성한 것이죠. 그런데 이 분자 구조의 가장 큰 특징은 peroxide bridge입니다. 이게 바로 약리 작용의 핵심이 된다고 하는군요. 말라리아의 원인인 Plasmodium와 같은 원생생물을 타겟으로 할 때 oxidative damage를 주는 것은 기본적으로 알려진 전략입니다. 그래서 부작용도 심한 것이고요. 자연계에서 안정적인 형태로 peroxide bridge가 발견되는 경우가 흔하지 않은데다가 유기화학적 관점으로 봤을 때 이렇게 불안정해 보이는 물질을 합성하려는 상상을 하기는 어려울 것입니다. 그리하여 79년에는 중국으로부터 승인을 받게 되고 81년도에 베이징에서 열린 WHO 등이 주재한 Scientific Working Group on the Chemotherapy of Malaria의 회의에서 공식적으로 말라리아 치료제로서 인정됩니다. 이후 80년대에는 널리 사용되기 시작하여 지금 제 책상에 있는 Harrison 내과학 책에도 severe malaria에서 treatment of choice로 이름을 올려 놓았습니다. 이후에는 hydroxylation을 시켜서 만든 dihydroxyartemisinin이 더 안정하고 효과가 좋다는 것을 알아냅니다. Esterification이 가능해지면서 발전 가능성이 증가한 것이죠. 유도체인 Artesunate를 만들어 2005년에는 WHO에서 인정한 combination therapy를 확립합니다. 요요 투는 중국 전통 의학에서 이러한 사례들을 열거하면서 국뽕(?)에 취하는 이야기를 후술했습니다. 중국 최초의 과학상 수상자에, 여성 과학자이고, 중국 약초에서 열대 지방의 질병이고 인류 최대의 적이라는 말라리아 치료제를 개발했다는 점 등이 정치적으로도 매우 흥미로울 뿐만 아니라, 의학이란 무엇인가 또 한 번 생각해보게 하는 지점을 발견하고, 항생제를 비롯하여 신약 개발에 난항을 겪고 있는 의약학 연구 방향에 대해서 정말로 중국 고대 의학이 새로운 길을 개척한 것인지 신기하기도 하네요. Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 133 Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 146 Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 161 2 이 게시판에 등록된 삼공파일님의 최근 게시물 |
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Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 599
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 599
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 600
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 600
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 605
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 605
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 609
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 609
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 614
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 616
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 618
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 618
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 612
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 612
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 620
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 628
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 628
Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 640
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 644
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 646
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 646
Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/cmt_replace.php on line 3
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 6
Warning: Use of undefined constant file_name - assumed 'file_name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 28
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 65
17113 class="iamcmt" style="display:none;"> Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 66
17113 class='vcm '>
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 70
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 71
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 76
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 117
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 118
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 119
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 120
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 121
17113'> Azurespace
Warning: Use of undefined constant mod_date - assumed 'mod_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 133
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 142
15/10/06 01:53
17113>삭제 주소복사
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 150
원래 말라리아 치료제로 쓰이던 키니네도 원주민들이 쓰던 처방에서 온 것이니, 있을 법하다는 생각도 듭니다. 어쨌든 아열대 기후에서 살아온 중국인들도 많았잖습니까? 한방 자체는 수많은 사람들의 경험의 집합체이므로 이처럼 과학적인 방법으로 검증하여 의학 발전에 공헌할만한 사례가 앞으로도 나올 것 같습니다. 그러나 철저한 검증 끝에 인정받은 치료법들만을 쓰도록 해야 할 것이고요. 국내엔 아직도 사상의학이 어쩌고 기가 어쩌고 하는 한의원이 많으니...
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
17113>
17113>
