Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 278
홍차넷
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Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 45
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 47
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Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 237
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 34
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 45
Warning: Use of undefined constant r - assumed 'r' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/outlogin_toby.php on line 47
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Warning: Use of undefined constant memo - assumed 'memo' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 237
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/zero_header.php on line 269
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/zero_header.php on line 300
Warning: Use of undefined constant title - assumed 'title' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/bbs_title.php on line 16
티타임
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/bbs_title.php on line 21
Warning: Use of undefined constant header - assumed 'header' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/bbs_title.php on line 31
- 다양한 주제에 대해 자유롭게 글을 작성하는 게시판입니다.
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_formmail - assumed 'use_formmail' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 519
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_category - assumed 'use_category' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/include/print_category.php on line 9
전체기타일상/생각꿀팁/강좌방송/연예도서/문학영화의료/건강문화/예술경제생활체육과학/기술철학/종교정치요리/음식역사여행육아/가정IT/컴퓨터음악창작게임스포츠사회오프모임
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Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 2
Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/memo_replace.php on line 3
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 10
Warning: Use of undefined constant use_category - assumed 'use_category' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 40
| Date |
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 53 20/02/01 05:27:26 Warning: Use of undefined constant mod_date - assumed 'mod_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 56 수정됨 |
| Name | 호라타래 |
| File #2 | Intermediate_level_of_summary.docx (21.0 KB), Download : 18 |
| Subject | 교육심리학의 20가지 주요 원리 1~10 |
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'교육' 카테고리가 없어서 그나마 비스무레한 육아/가정을 택했읍니다. 미국심리학회(APA) 자료이고요 (https://www.apa.org/ed/schools/teaching-learning/top-twenty-principles.pdf). 초등학교~고등학교까지 적용되는 원리입니당. 세세한 내용, 특히 구체적인 실천 방법은 첨부한 요약 파일을(영문이지만...) 참고하시면 됩니다. // 1. 지능이나 능력에 대해 학생이 지니는 신념이나 인식은 학생들의 인지적 기능이나 학습에 영향을 미친다(Students' beliefs or perceptions about intelligence and ability and learning) 인터넷에 짤방으로 많이 돌아다니는 내용이 '공부는 유전이다'인데요. 유전자가 IQ 등의 지능 측정에 미치는 선천적 영향과는 별개로, 저런 내용을 강하게 믿을 수록 학습은 저해되요. 여러 이유가 있지만 가장 큰 이유는 실패에 취약해지고, 도전을 꺼리게 되기 때문이지요. 이 원리는 학교 지식을 습득하는 걸 넘어, 사랑 / 게임 등 세상사 전반에 적용할 수 있어요. 많이 꼴아박아 봐야 실력이 늘지요. 연관되는 주요 개념으로는 성장형 사고방식(Growth mindset) vs 고정형 사고방식(fixed mindset)이 있어요. 자세한 내용은 를 참고하시면 되요(한글 자막 기능!) 2. 학생들이 이미 알고 있는 것들이 그들의 학습에 영향을 미친다(What students already know affects their learning) 당연하다 싶은 내용이지요? 자세히 접근하면 두 가지 상황을 분류 가능해요. 새로 배우는 것이 기존 지식과 조화되는 개념적 성장(conceptual growth)와, 새로 배우는 것이 기존 지식과 충돌하는 개념적 변화(conceptual change)가 있지요. 두 상황에서 교육자는 다른 접근 방식을 취해야 해요. 특히, 후자의 경우 학생이 스스로 혼란스러운 상황을 적극적으로 다루어 나갈 수 있도록 설계하고, 신뢰할 만한 정보를 적극적으로 제공할 필요가 있지요. 각 상황에 따라 접근 방식이 다르니까 각 상황을 구분할 필요도 크지요? 수업 이전에 학생이 무엇을 알고 있는지 파악하는 평가를 형성평가(formative assessment)라 부르는 건 이 때문입니다. 형성 평가는 뒤에서 다시 다룰게요. 3. 학생의 인지적 성장과 학습은 일반적인 발달 단계에 국한되지 않는다(Students' cognitive development and learning are not limited by general stages of development) + 4. 학습은 맥락에 기반한다. 따라서 학습한 내용을 새로운 맥락에 적용하는 것은 자동적이지 않으며, 누군가의 도움이 필요하다(Learning is based on context, so generalizing learning to new contexts is not spontaneous but instead needs to be facilitated) 인간 인지 능력이 발달하는 자연적인 수순은 존재해요. 다만 거기에 더해서 주변 맥락이 학습에 강하게 영향을 끼치지요. 예를 들자면 우리가 믿고 신뢰하는 사람이 학습을 이끈다거나, 우리가 현재 알고 있는 것보다 한걸음 정도 더 어려운 내용이 학습 목표로 주어진다거나(근접발달영역 Zone of proximal development라 불립니당) 하는 상황이요. 한 가지 더 추가해야 할 내용은 우리의 인지 능력이라는 것이 주변 환경과 밀접하게 연관되어 있다는 거예요. 다른 나라에 가거나, 대학/직장/군대 ㅠㅠ에 처음 들어가면 몽총해질 수 밖에 없는 건 그 때문이지요. 소위 '물정'을 모르니까 내가 지닌 인지적 자원들을 활용할 수 없어요. 이런 상황을 극복하기 위헤서는 새롭게 주어진 공동체와 사회에 적극적으로 참여해야지요. 말이 좋아 적극적으로 참여해야 한다고 하지, 실제로는 매우 힘들어요. 이전에 알고 있던 사실들이 자꾸 어긋나고 빗나가기 쉽거든요. 따라서 교사 혹은 이끌어주는 사람들이 적절하게 접근할 필요가 있지요. 무엇이 적절한 방법인지는 독자들의 관심사는 아닐테니 생략하겠읍니다. 다만 새로운 맥락에 적응하는 능력 또한 계발될 수 있다는 건 염두에 두는 게 좋아요. 일반화 된 지식들을 다양한 상황에 적용하면서 인간은 기존 지식들의 깊은 의미를 다시금 깨닫게 되고요. 본문의 범위를 벗어나는 주제기는 하지만, 이중언어의 가장 큰 인지적 효과로 사고전환의 기민성을 꼽던 APA 자료도 기억나네요. 5. 지식과 능력을 장기적으로 기억하는 것은 대부분 실천에 의존한다(Acquiring long-term knowledge and skill is largely dependent on practice) 장기기억 - 단기기억의 관계는 학습방법에 관심있는 분들은 들어보셨을 거예요. 어려우면 어려운 내용일수록 글자를 달달 외우고 책을 읽는다고 기억에 남지 않아요. 마찬가지로 춤이든 운동이든 게임이든 '몸을 쓰는' 활동들도 아무 생각없이 반복한다고 역량이 늘지 않지요. 아 물론 실제 하는 것이 문자를 읽는 것보다는 기억하는 데 도움이 됩니다. 그렇지만 핵심적인 건 생각하면서 해야한다는 거예요. 신중한 실천(Deliberate practice)이라고 불러요. 예시를 들자면 나 에서 강의자들이 어떤 식으로 설명을 하는지, 이런 설명을 할 수 있게 되기까지는 어떤 생각을 했고, 어떤 연습을 했을지, 어떻게 자신들의 수행에 접근했는지를 떠올려보면 될 거예요. 뒷 강의는 제가 운동을 잘 몰라서 얼마나 적합한지 모르겠는데, 코어장전 선수의 앞 강의는 아주 그냥 폭풍 고개 끄덕이면서 봤습니다. 6. 명확하고, 설명적이고, 시간적으로 적절한 피드백이 학생의 학습에 중요하다 (Clear, explanatory, and timely feedback to students is important for learning) 피드백이 중요한 거야 다들 아시겠고, 요거는 좀 더 자세히 실천 원리를 제시해볼게요. 학생들 뿐만 아니더라도 어디에나 적용할 수 있을 거예요. - 피드백을 할 때는 구체적인 학습 목표와 연관해서 피드백을 해라. 학생들의 변화한 모습이 학습 목표와 관련해서 어떤 식으로 구체적인 진전이 있었는지 밝혀라 - 피드백에는 목표와 관련해서 다음에 무엇을 해야하는지 가리키는 정보를 포함하라 - 시험에 관한 피드백이라면 무엇이 틀렸고 맞았는지 명확하게 알리거나 혹은 틀린 경우 스스로 교정이 가능하도록 관련 정보를 제공해야 도움이 된다 - 피드백은 가능한 빠르게 해야 한다 - 피드백의 톤이나 피드백이 겨냥하는 바는 학생들의 동기에 영향을 준다. 부정적인 요소에는 덜 집중하고, 학생들이 성취한 것에 초점을 맞추라. 학습 목표와 연관되지 않는 부분을 지나치게 자세하게 다루지 말라. - 새로운 내용 혹은 기존에 알고 있던 내용과 충돌되는 내용을 배울 때는, 작은 성취에도 반복하여 칭찬해주는 것이 중요하다. 특히 진전된 부분이 명확할 때는 계속해서 할 수 있도록 격려하는 것이 중요하다. 7. 학생들의 자기조절능력은 학습을 도우며, 이러한 자기조절능력은 가르쳐질 수 있다(Students' self-regulation assists learning, and self-regulatory skills can be taught) 자기조절능력이라 함은 집중(attention), 조직화(organization), 자기통제(self-control), 계획수립(planning), 그리고 기억 전략(memory strategies) 등을 포함해요. 딱 봐도 뭔가 배우는데 다 필요한 능력들이지요? 본문에는 안 나와있지만, 이런 자기통제능력은 지식 변화 속도가 빠른 현대 사회에서 점점 더 각광받는 능력이에요. 교육학의 주요 메타가 특정 내용을 가르치는 걸 넘어서 학습에 대한 학습으로 계속 이동하는 까닭이기도 하고요. 모두 높은 수준의 인지적 역량을 요구해요. 그래서 학습을 설계하는 입장에서 체계적으로 접근해야 하고요. 주요한 원리는 위에 나와있던 신중한 실천(deliberate practice)과 겹치는 부분이 많아요. 더해서 가능한 작은 +그렇지만 의미있는 단위로 학습을 쪼개어 접근하는 원리가 있어요. 8. 학생들의 창의력은 증진 가능하다(Students creativity can be fostered) 창의력에 대한 신화는 상당히 많아요. 사람들이 '천재'라 부르는 사람들은 대개 인지적 능력 + 창의력을 보여주고, [하늘이 내려준 재능]이라는 뜻풀이 그대로 생득적인 능력으로 생각하는 경우가 많지요. 하지만 미국심리학회에서는 창의력을 교육을 통해 증진 가능한 역량으로 봅니다. 문제를 해결하는 과정에서 기존과는 다른 방식을 고안하고, 채택하는 걸로 바라보고요. 자연스럽게 문제해결과정(problem-solving)을 학습하는 과정과 연계되지요. 이렇게 생각해보면 창의력이 언제나 긍정적인 것도 아니에요. 기존에 확립된 방법이 있으면 그걸 따라가는 것이 맞지, 구태여 새로운 방법을 고안하는데 집착할 필요는 없으니까요. 9. 학생들은 외적으로 동기부여 될 때보다, 내적으로 동기부여될 때 더 학습을 잘 하고 즐긴다(Students tend to enjoy learning and to do better when they are more intrinsically rather than extrinsically motivated to achieve) 관련해서는 예전에 동기 연구의 고전 중 하나를 티타임에 풀었던 것이 있어요. [동기부여에 대한 이론적 이해] (https://new.redtea.kr/?b=3&n=5659)를 참고해보시면 관련 내용을 이해하는데 도움이 될 듯합니다. '내가 특정 과업을 잘 수행할 수 있는 능력이 있다'고 느끼는 자기효능감과, '이건 내가 하고 싶어서 하는 거다'라는 자율감이 내적동기부여의 핵심이여요. 물론 저는 왜 우리가 특정 활동, 사물, 인간에 마음이 끌리는지, 그것이 의미하는 바는 무엇인지 등등을 더 고민하기는 하는데요. 그건 좀 더 철학적인 내용일 것 같네요. 한 가지 당부하고 싶은 건, 링크한 글에도 적었듯이 내적동기부여 - 외적동기부여가 이분법적으로 딱 구분되지는 않는다는 거예요. 외적동기부여라 하더라도 여러 형태를 취할 수 있고, 개중에는 내적동기부여만큼이나 높은 교육효과를 일으키는 형태도 있습니당 10. 성취보다는 숙달을 목표로 삼을 때, 학생들은 어려움에 더 잘 견디고, 수준 높은 학습을 한다(Students persist in the face of challenging tasks and process information more deeply when they adopt mastery goals rather than performance goals) 첫번째 원리의 변주라 생각해요. 뭔가를 배우려고 공부할 때와 내 능력을 보여주기 위해 공부할 때 학습에 우리가 지니는 태도는 확연하게 달라지지요. 제 생각에 이 원리는 다른 각도에서 생각해 볼 필요가 커요. 위 원리가 가르키는 바야 모두가 알고 있을텐데, 그럼에도 불구하고 전세계적으로 교육 체제가 퍼포먼스의 측정을 중시하는 방향으로 구성되어 있다는 것을 간과하면 안 되지요. 특히 특정 시험에서 드러내는 퍼포먼스가 향후 획득할 수 있는 자원의 수준에 크게 영향을 미치는 상황에서는요. 한국의 수능이나 변호사 시험이 대표적인 예이겠지요. 숙달 목표를 추구하는 것이 일종의 최대화(maximization) 전략이라 할지라도, 성취 목표가 개개인의 조건 하에서 최적화 전략(optimization)이 될 수 있다는 점을 간과하면 곤란해요. 뒤집어 말하자면, 각각의 전략을 개인들이 어떻게 무의식/의식적으로 배합하는가는 사회/교육제도, 그리고 개인이 동원 가능한 자원에 영향을 받겠지요. // 짧게 쓰려고 했는데 벌써 5천자에 가까워지네요. 10에서 끊고 나머지는 다음에 올리겠습니당. 보시다시피 각 원리들이 겹쳐지는 부분이 많아요. Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 133 Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 146 Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view.php on line 161 21
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Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 609
Warning: Use of undefined constant is_admin - assumed 'is_admin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 609
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 614
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 616
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 618
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/lib.php on line 618
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 612
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 612
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 620
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 628
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 628
Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 640
Warning: Use of undefined constant name - assumed 'name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 644
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 646
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/view.php on line 646
Warning: Use of undefined constant HTTP_HOST - assumed 'HTTP_HOST' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/pb/cmt_replace.php on line 3
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 6
Warning: Use of undefined constant file_name - assumed 'file_name' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 28
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 65
139050 class="iamcmt" style="display:none;"> Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 66
139050 class='vcm '>
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 70
Warning: Use of undefined constant x - assumed 'x' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 71
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 76
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 117
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 118
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 119
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 120
Warning: Use of undefined constant ismember - assumed 'ismember' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 121
139050'> Hong10Kong20
Warning: Use of undefined constant mod_date - assumed 'mod_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 133
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 140
Warning: Use of undefined constant reg_date - assumed 'reg_date' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 142
20/02/01 12:26
139050>삭제 주소복사
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 150
이제야 제가 머리가 나쁜 이유를 깨달았습니다. 유익한 내용 감사합니다.
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant level - assumed 'level' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 158
Warning: Use of undefined constant password - assumed 'password' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 166
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 171
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 172
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant no - assumed 'no' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
Warning: Use of undefined constant vote - assumed 'vote' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/redtea/html/a_skin/bbsd/view_comment.php on line 173
139050>
139050>
